Animation is a dynamic medium where images or objects are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animations, drawings are drawn or hand-painted on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited in the film. Currently most animations are created with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be a very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for reasons of style, low bandwidth, or faster real-time renderings. Other common animation methods apply the stop motion technique to two- and three-dimensional objects such as pieces of paper, dolls or clay images. The stop motion technique in which live actors are used as frame-by-frame subjects is known as pixilation.
Generally the animation effects are achieved with succession of sequential images that are at least different from each other. The illusion - as in the film in general - is thought to depend on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact cause is uncertain. Analogical analog animation media that relies on the rapid display of sequential images including phÃÆ' Â © nakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that were originally analogue and now operate digitally. For a display on a computer, techniques such as GIF animation and Flash animation are developed.
In addition to short films, widescreen movies, animated gifs, and other media dedicated to displaying moving images, animation is also widely used for video games, motion graphics, and special effects.
Physical movement of parts of images through simple mechanics eg moving images in magical lantern performances can also be considered as animation. The mechanical animation of the robot device is actually known as animatronics.
Animator is an artist who specializes in making animations.
Video Animation
Etymology
The word "animation" comes from the Latin "prd" (nominative "animatio"), the action noun of the past participle stem "animare", meaning "the act of planting life". The main meaning of the English word is "liveliness" and has been used much longer than the meaning of "moving image media".
Maps Animation
History
The history of animation began long before the development of cinematography. Humans may have tried to describe the movement as far as the paleolithic period. Play shadows and magical lanterns offer popular performances with moving pictures as a result of hand manipulation and/or some small mechanics. In 1833, fenakistiscope introduced the principle of modern stroboscopic animation, which would also provide the foundation for zoetrope (1866), flip book (1868), praxinoscope (1877) and cinematography.
Charles-ÃÆ'â € ° mile Reynaud further develops his prinoxic projection into the ThÃÆ'  © ÃÆ'  ¢ tre Optique with colorful drawings hand-painted transparently in a long perforated hollow wound between two scrolls, patented in December 1888. From 28 October 1892 to March 1900 Reynaud gave over 12,800 performances to a total of over 500,000 visitors at MusÃÆ' © e Grà © à © vin in Paris. Her own Pantomimes Lumineuses movie series contains 300 to 700 frames that are manipulated back and forth up to 10 to 15 minutes per movie. Piano music, songs and some dialogue are done directly, while some sound effects are synchronized with the electromagnet.
When movies become common media, some optical toy manufacturers adapt small magic lanterns into toy film projectors for short-film loops. In 1902 they produced many loops of chromolithography film, usually by tracing live-action film footage (such as rotoscoping techniques).
Some early filmmakers, including J. Stuart Blackton, Arthur Melbourne-Cooper, Segundo de ChomÃÆ'³n and Edwin S. Porter experimented with stop-motion animation, probably since about 1899. Blackton's The Haunted Hotel (1907 ) is the first major success that confuses an audience with objects that seem to move on their own and inspire other filmmakers to try techniques for themselves.
J. Stuart Blackton also experimented with animations drawn on the board and some cut animations in the Humorous Face of Funny Face (1906).
In 1908 ÃÆ'â € Cohl's Fantasmagorie miles were released with a white-and-white chalkline display made with negative prints of black ink images on white paper. The film consists mostly of moving stick figures and facing all kinds of morphing objects, including wine bottles that turn into flowers.
Inspired by the stop-motion film C C mile Cohl Les allumettes animà ©  © es [Animated Matches] (1908), Ladislas Starevich began making his influential work in 1910.
Winsor McCay Little Nemo (1911) showed off a very detailed picture. Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) is also an early example of character development in the animation drawn.
During the 1910s, the production of animated short films, commonly referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own and cartoon shorts were produced to play in theaters. The most successful producer at the time was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.
El ApÃÆ'³stol (Spanish: "The Apostle") is a 1917 Argentine animated film that uses cut animations, and the first animated film in the world. Unfortunately, the fire that destroyed the film studio producer Federico Valle burned the only known copy of El ApÃÆ'³stol , and is now considered a lost film.
The earliest feature-length animated film that still exists is The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) made by director Lotte Reiniger and collaborators Carl Koch and Berthold Bartosch.
In 1932, the first short animated film made entirely with Technicolor (using red/green/blue photography filters and three movie strips) was Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees, directed by Burt Gillett. But the first feature film performed with this technique, apart from The Vanities Fair (1935), by Rouben Mamoulian, is "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", also by Walt Disney.
In 1958, Hanna-Barbera released The Huckleberry Hound Show , the first half hour television program featured only in animation. Terrytoons released Tom Terrific in the same year. Television significantly reduces public attention to animated shorts featured in theaters.
Computer animation has become popular since Toy Story (1995), the first full-length animated film completely created using this technique.
In 2008, the animation market was worth US $ 68.4 billion. Animation as an art and industry continues to grow in mid-2010 because well-made animated projects can find cross-border audiences and in all four quadrants. Long films with animation return the highest gross margins (about 52%) of all movie genres in the 2004-2013 timeframe.
Technique
Traditional animation
Traditional animation (also called cel animation or handmade animation) is the process used for most animated movies in the 20th century. Individual frames of traditional animated films are photographic images, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each image is slightly different from the previous one. Animator images are tracked or photocopied on transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled with paint in color or tone set on the opposite side of the line drawing. The completed character cells are photographed one at a time with the background painted by the pulpit camera to the film.
The process of traditional cel animation became obsolete at the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animator and background images are scanned or drawn directly into the computer system. Various software programs are used to color the images and simulate the movement and effects of the camera. The last animation section is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media with digital video. The traditional "cel" animated look is still preserved, and the work of animator characters has remained essentially the same for the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" (a play on the word "traditional" and "digital") to describe cel animations using significant computer technology.
Examples of traditional animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and The Illusionist (UK) -France, 2010). Traditional animated films produced with the help of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994), The Prince of Egypt (USA, 1998), Akira i> (Japan, 1988), Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), The Triplets of Belleville (France, 2003), and The Secret of Kells (Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).
Full animation
Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditional animated films that regularly use detailed images and sensible movements, have smooth animations. Full animated films can be created in a variety of styles, from more realistic animated works such as those produced by Walt Disney studios ( The Little Mermaid , Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , The Lion King ) to more cartoon styles than the animated studio Warner Bros.. Many of Disney's animation features are full animated examples, as are non-Disney works, Secret NIMH (AS, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999). ), and Nocturna (Spanish, 2007). Animated animated movie at 24 frames per second, with animated combinations on one and two, which means that images can be held for one frame of 24 or two frames of 24.
Unlimited animation
Unlimited animation involves the use of motion pictures or methods that are less detailed or more stylized movements are usually animated waves of movement or "skippy". Unlimited animations use fewer images per second, limiting the animation fluidity. This is a more economical technique. Spearheaded by artists at the United States studio Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a stylish artistic expression method, as in Gerald McBoing-Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (English, 1968), and certain anime produced in Japan. Its main use, however, has resulted in cost-effective animated content for television media (Hanna-Barbera, Filmasi, and other animated TV studios) and then the Internet (web cartoons).
Rotoscoping
Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 in which animators traced the action movement directly, frame by frame. Source films can be directly copied from the actors' lines into animated images, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in expressive style and way, as in > Build Life (US, 2001) and A Darkly Scanner (US, 2006). Some other examples are Fire and Ice (AS, 1983), Heavy Metal (1981), and I no Hana (2013).
Live-action/animation
Live-action/animation is a technique that combines hand-drawn characters into direct action shots or live action actors into animated footage. One of the previous uses was in Koko Clown when Koko was interested in live action footage. Other examples include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (US, 1988), Space Jam (US, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (AS, 2001).
Stop motion animation
Computer animation includes a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that animations are digitally created on a computer. 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build a virtual world where characters and objects move and interact. 3D animations can create images that look real to the viewers.
2D Animation
2D animated figures created or edited on a computer using 2D bitmap graphics and 2D vector graphics. These include traditional animated versions of computerized animation techniques, morphing interpolation, onion trimming and interpolated rotoscoping.
2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation, and PowerPoint animations. Cinemagraphs are still images in the form of animated GIF files from which parts are animated.
Advection line animation is a technique used in 2D animation, to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product because everything is done in the same department. Speaking of using this approach in Paperman, John Kahrs said that "Our Animators can change things a lot, completely remove the CG below if they want, and change the arm profile."
3D animation
3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by animators. Animators usually begin by making a 3D polygon mesh to manipulate. The nets usually include many vertices connected by edges and faces, which provide a visual appearance of shapes to 3D objects or 3D environments. Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called armature that can be used to control the mesh by weighing the knot. This process is called rigging and can be used in conjunction with keyframes to make movement.
An animator is an artist who creates visual sequences (or audio-visuals when added sound) from some sequential images that produce the illusion of movement, ie animation. Animations today exist in many areas of technology and video, such as cinema, television, video games, or the internet. Generally, these works require collaboration from multiple animators. The method for creating this image depends on the animator and the style you want to achieve (with images generated by the computer, manually...).
Animators can be divided into animators of characters (artists specializing in movements, dialogs and acting of characters) and animators of special effects (eg vehicles, engines or natural phenomena such as water , snow, rain).
Production
The creation of non-trivial animation works (ie, more than a few seconds) has been developed as a form of filmmaking, with certain unique aspects. Common features for live-action and animated films are the high labor intensity and production costs.
The most important difference is that when a movie is in the production phase, the marginal cost of one shot is higher for animated films than live-action movies. It is quite easy for a director to request one more retrieval during the main photography of the live action film, but any animated movie taking should be manually given by the animator (although the task of making a bit different has been made less boring by modern computer animation). It is useless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks creating spectacular five-minute scenes if the scene fails to advance the movie plot effectively. Therefore, the animation studio that started with Disney started the practice in the 1930s to maintain the story department where storyboard artists develop each scene through the storyboard, then submit the film to the animator only after the production team is satisfied that all scenes make sense as the whole. While live-action movies now also become storyboards, they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (ie real-time improvisations).
Another unique issue for animation is the requirement to maintain the consistency of the film from start to finish, even when the movie has grown longer and the team has grown larger. Animators, like all artists, must have their own style, but must put aside their individuality in a consistent way for any style used in a particular film. Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators, have usually created long animated films. It is relatively easy for two or three artists to adjust their style; syncing dozens of artists is more difficult.
This problem is usually solved by having a group of separate visual development artists developing an overall look and palette for each movie before the animation begins. The character designer on the visual development team draws a model sheet to show how each character should look with different facial expressions, displayed in different positions, and viewed from different angles. In traditional animation projects, maquettes are often created to help the animators see how the characters will look from different angles.
Unlike live-action movies, animated films have traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through storyboard format; storyboard artists will then receive credit for writing movies. In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write scenarios (while continuing to use story departments) and scenarios had become commonplace for animated films in the late 1980s.
Criticism
Critics of animation have been common in media and cinema since the beginning. With its popularity, many critics have emerged, especially long animated films. Much attention to cultural representation, the psychological effect on children has been raised around the animation industry, which remains somewhat unchanged and stagnant from the start to mainstream culture.
Animation and Human Rights
Currently, animation is used as an entertainment method, and is used to criticize or defend certain aspects of society. Most of these projects have been nominated for Oscars or have become viral on the Internet. For example, In the heartbeat , directed by Esteban Bravo and Beth David America, is one of the candidates for the award of Best Animated Short Film in the 2018 Oscars.
"In a Heartbeat" is about a love story between two teenage boys, because the directors want to break prejudice against the LGBT community. This is a short animation with no dialogue in which the heart of one of the boys escapes to chase other young people. This short film has had over 32 million views on YouTube, and despite its success, it has created some controversy.
Awards
As with any other form of media, animation has also instituted awards for excellence in its field. The original award for animation was presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for an animated short film from 1932, during the 5th Academy Awards function. The Academy Award's first winner was the short Flower and Trees, produced by Walt Disney Productions. The Academy Award for long-duration animated films was only instituted for 2001, and was awarded during the 74th Academy Awards in 2002. The film was won by Shrek movies, produced by DreamWorks and Pacific Data. Picture. Disney/Pixar has produced the most numerous movies either to win or be nominated for awards. The list of both awards can be obtained here:
- Academy Award for Best Animated Features
- Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film
Several other countries have awarded awards for the best animated films as part of their national film awards: African Film Academy Award for Best Animation (since 2008), BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006), CÃÆ'Â © sar Award for Best Animated Film (since 2011), Golden Rooster Award for Best Animation (since 1981), Goya Award for Best Animated Film (since 1989), Japan Academy Awards for Animation This Year (since 2007), National Film Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006). Also since 2007, the Asia Pacific Screen Awards for Best Animated Feature Film have been awarded at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards. Since 2009, the European Film Awards have awarded the European Film Awards for Best Animated Movies.
The Annie Awards are another award given for excellence in the field of animation. Unlike the Academy Awards, Annie Awards are only accepted for achievements in the field of animation and not for other technical and artistic areas. They reorganized in 1992 to create a new field for Best Animation features. The winners of the 1990s were dominated by Walt Disney, however, the new studio, led by Pixar & amp; DreamWorks, has now begun to consistently compete for this award. The list of scholarship recipients is as follows:
- Annie Award for Best Animated Features
- Annie Award for the Best Animated Short Subject
- Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production
See also
Note
References
Quote
Bibliography
Online
External links
- Creation of a short 8 minute cartoon
- The importance of animation and its utilization in various industries
- "Animando", a 12-minute film that demonstrates 10 different animation techniques (and teaches how to use them).
- 19 kinds of techniques and style of animation
- Animated on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments