A basement or warehouse is one or more floors of a building completely or partially below the ground floor. They are generally used as utility rooms for buildings where items such as boilers, water heaters, breaker panels or fuse boxes, car parks, and air-conditioning systems are located; as well as facilities such as electricity distribution systems, and cable television distribution points. However, in cities with high property prices such as London, basements are often equipped with high standards and are used as living spaces.
In English English, the word
Video Basement
Destinations, geography, and history
The basement can be used in exactly the same way as an additional floor on a house or other building. However, the use of dungeons is highly dependent on special factors for certain geographical areas such as climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology, and the real estate economy.
Basements in small buildings such as single family detached homes are rare in wet climates such as England and Ireland where flooding can be a problem, although they can be used on larger structures. However, the basement is considered standard at all but the smallest new buildings in many places with temperate climates such as the American Midwest and Canadian Prairies where a concrete foundation below the frozen line is required in any case, to prevent buildings from shifting during freezing-freezing cycles. Basements are easier to build in areas with relatively soft soil and possibly earlier in places where the soil is too dense for easy digging. Its use may be limited in earthquake zones, as the possibilities of the upper floors collapse into the crypt; on the other hand, they may be needed in tornado-prone areas as a refuge against strong winds. Adding a basement can also reduce heating and cooling costs because it is a form of earth-holding, and a way to reduce the surface-to-volume ratio of the building surface. The housing density of a region can also affect whether a basement is deemed necessary or not.
Historically, basements have become more easily constructed (in developed countries) since the industrialization of home construction. Powerful excavation engines such as backhoe and front-end loaders have reduced the time and effort needed to dig a basement dramatically compared to hand-digging with shovels, although this method can still be used in developing countries.
For much of early history, the crypt took one of two forms. It could be a little more than a basement, or it could be part of a building that contains rooms and spaces similar to the rest of the structure, as in the case of flat underground floors and basements.
However, starting with the development of suburban mansions in the 1950s, the crypt, as space in its own right, gradually took over. Initially, it was a large, concrete-floored room, accessed by an indoor staircase, with open columns and beams along walls and ceilings, or sometimes, concrete or cinder block concrete walls.
Maps Basement
Type of cellar
Daytime basement
A daytime basement or a walking basement is located in a house located on a slope, so that the floor is above the ground, with the door to the outside. The lower ground portion of the ground can be considered as an actual basement area. From the street, some underground houses during the day appear to be one floor. The others look like conventional two-story houses from the street (with buried parts, or underground, behind). Occupants can come out at that time without having to use the stairs. For example, if the ground slopes downward toward the back of the house, the basement is on or above the ground (at the surface) behind the house. This is a modern design because of the added complexity of an uneven foundation; where the basement is above the floor, the foundation is deeper at that point and still has to be below the frost line.
Full-size windows can be installed in the basement during the day. This can provide a way out for the bedroom (building a bedroom in the basement is usually illegal with no escape from outside). Ventilation is enhanced through a fully buried underground house, with less moisture and mold problems.
The basement can be used for several purposes - as a garage, as a treatment room, or as a living space. The buried part is often used for storage, laundry room, hot water tank, and HVAC.
Basement houses during the day are usually rated higher than standard underground homes, as they include a more viable living space. In some parts of the US, however, the assessment for daytime basements is half of the ground and above the square footage of the ground surface. The designs that are accommodated include split-foyer and split-level homes. Garage at both levels is sometimes possible. Like multilevel homes, there are savings on roofs and foundations.
Basement Look-out
In the "look-out" basement, the basement wall extends considerably above ground level so that some basement windows are above ground level. Where the site is tilted gently and inadequately to the basement, the visible basements tend to produce. Sometimes, dungeons that look deliberately built even on flat sites. The advantage is that the basement windows are all above class. The disadvantage is that the main entrance floor is above the classroom as well, utilizing the stairs to access the main floor. The design of elevated bungalows (known as separate households in much of the US) solves this problem by lowering entries between the main floor and dungeon to create a dramatic high ceiling foyer. This is a very economical design because the basement is more shallow, and the cost of excavation is reduced.
Walk-up Basement
The "walk-up" basement is every basement that has an exterior entrance through a staircase. Some designs cover the ladder with a sloped "basement door" or "door screen" to keep the rain water from collecting on the stairs.
When originally built, the main floor beams are often exposed and concrete walls and floors (with insulation, if required). The unfinished basement allows easy access to the main floor for renovation to the main floor. Finishing the basement can add significant floor space to a house (duplicate it in the case of a bungalow) and is a major renovation project.
Subbasis
A subbasement is a floor below the basement. In homes where there is a basement type mentioned above such as basement look-out, all subbasement volumes from floor to ceiling are located deep underground. Therefore, the subbasement does not have an outside window or door. In homes that have subbasements, all the basements can be used as part of the main house where people relax and do recreational things while all subbasemen can be used for storage.
According to the English dictionary the Oxford Dictionary of English , a subterranean underground cellar is a space below the ground in a house often used for storage of wine or coal; it can also refer to the stock of the wine itself. The basement is intended to stay at constant cold temperatures (not frozen) throughout the year and usually has a small window/opening or some form of air vents (air/draft bricks, etc.) To help remove moist or stale air. The warehouses are more common in the UK in older homes, with the most storied houses built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries having cellars. This was an important shelter from air raids during World War II. In some parts of North America susceptible to tornadoes (eg Tornado Alley), the crypt still serves as a shelter in the event of a direct attack on the home due to tornadoes or other storm damage caused by strong winds.
Except Britain, Australia and New Zealand, the basement is popular in most western countries. In the UK, almost all new homes built since the 1960s do not have a basement or basement due to the additional cost of digging deeper into the soil and the requirements for deeper foundations and waterproof tanks. The reverse has recently become common, where the impact of smaller home footprints has led to the rooftop space being used for further living spaces and now many new homes are built with accommodation on the third floor. For this reason, especially where the attic has been converted into living space, people tend to use garages for storage of food, tools, bikes, parks, and outdoor equipment. The majority of European continental homes have warehouses, although most people live in apartments or flats rather than homes. In North America, basements are commonly found in rural or elder homes on the beach and in the South. However, the full basement is commonplace in new homes in Canada and Central America and other areas affected by tornado activity or require foundations below the frozen line.
Underground crawl space
The underground crawl space (as the name implies) is a type of basement where one can not stand - a height of only one foot (30 cm), and its surface is often dirt. The crawl space offers easy access to pipes, substructures, and other areas that may be difficult or expensive to access. While crawling space can not be used as a living space, it can be used as storage, often for rarely used items. However, care should be taken to do so, because water from moist soil, moisture (coming in from the crawl space vents), and moisture seeping through porous concrete can create a perfect environment for fungi/moss to form on any surface in the crawl space, especially cardboard boxes, floor and wood surfaces, drywall and some types of insulation.
Health and safety issues should be considered when installing crawl space. As the air warms up at home, it rises and leaves the upper regions of the house, just as the air moves through the chimney. This phenomenon, called the "pile effect", causes the house to suck air from the crawl space to the main area of ​​the house. Mushroom spores, decomposition odors, and feces of dust mites in crawling spaces may present with air, overloaded asthma and other respiratory problems, and create a variety of health problems.
It is usually desirable to complete the crawl space with a plastic vapor barrier that will not support mold growth or allow moisture from the earth to crawl space. This helps isolate crawling space and inhibit the habitat of insects and pests by breaking the ecological chains where insects eat mold and eat insects, and create inorganic physical barriers that block entry. Steam barriers can end up on the wall or run up the wall and are bound to provide more protection against moisture infiltration. Some pest control agents recommend not to close the walls, as this complicates inspection and spraying work. Almost unheard of until the late 1990s, the steam barriers became increasingly popular in recent years. In fact, the more common areas of unconditioned crawling spaces have seen a lot of research over the past decade.
Alternatively, some people feel the need to create a "breathing home" with a lot of airflow, rather than "solving" the crawl space. There are contradictory opinions about what is healthier with many suggesting that steam barriers only create new spaces where mold and mildew can develop, trap moisture beneath it and still create problems inside the house.
Design and structure considerations
Structurally, for homes, basement walls usually form the foundation. In warmer climates, some homes do not have a basement as they are not needed (although many still like them). In a colder climate, the foundation must be below the frost line. Unless it is built in a very cold climate, the frost line is not so deep to justify all levels under the ground, although it is usually deep enough that the basement is the assumed standard. In places with strange terraced ground substrata or high water tables, like most of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and areas within 50 miles (80 km) of the Gulf of Mexico, basements are usually not financially feasible unless the building is a large apartment or structure commercial.
Excavations using backhoe or excavator are commonly used to dig underground spaces. If a rack stone is found, the need for blasting may cost a fortune. Basement walls may need to land around them dumped around them to return the soil to the soil surface. Water stops, some gravel and french drains may need to be used to prevent water from entering the basement at the bottom of the wall. The walls below the classroom may need to be sealed with a resistant coating (such as tar) to prevent water seepage. Polyethylene about 6 million (visqueen) serves as a water barrier under the basement.
Some designs choose to let space crawl under the house, not the basement full of structural challenges. Most other designs justify further excavations to create a full basement, enough for another level of living space. Even so, basements in Canada and the northern United States are usually only 7 feet 10 inches (2.39 m) tall, rather than the full 8 foot (2.4 m) standard from the main floor. Older homes may have lower underground heights because the basement walls are concrete blocks and thus, can be adjusted to any height. Modern builders offer a higher basement as an option. The additional cost of depth of excavation is usually quite expensive. Thus, the houses almost certainly never have a multilevel dungeon although the 9 foot (2.7 m) basement altitude is a frequent choice among new home buyers. For office buildings or large apartments in prime locations, the cost of land can justify the multilevel parking garage.
Concrete floors in most basements are structurally not part of the foundation; just a basement wall. If there is a pole that supports the main floor beams to form poles and beam systems, these poles usually penetrate the lower floors to a foothold beneath the basement floor. It is a foothold that supports the post and the footing is part of the foundation of the house. The weight-bearing support wall is located directly on the concrete floor. Below the concrete floor is usually pebbles or crushed stone for easy drying. The floor is usually four inches (100 mm) thick and located on the foundation foundation. The floor usually tilts toward the exhaust point, in case of leakage.
Modern construction for basement walls usually falls into one of two categories: they will be made of concrete poured in place using concrete shapes with concrete pumps, or they will use masonry units (beam walls). Stones can also be used, but are less common. In monolithic architecture, most buildings are made of concrete; in insulating the construction of concrete shapes, concrete walls can be hidden by coatings or exterior coatings. Inside the structure, a single Lally column, a steel underground jack, wood column or support pole can hold the floor above in a small basement. This series of support may be required for large basements; many basements have open support columns.
Because the warm air rises, the basement is usually colder than the rest of the house. In summer, this makes the basement humid, due to higher relative humidity. Dehumidifiers recommended. In winter, additional heaters, such as fireplaces or pole heater may be required. A well-defined central heating system can minimize these requirements. Heating ducts usually run in the basement ceiling (since there is no empty floor below to run the channel). Channels that extend from the ceiling to the floor help heat the cold floor of the basement. Older or cheaper systems may only have heating ventilation in the basement ceiling.
The finished floor is usually lifted from the concrete basement floor. In countries like Canada, laminate flooring is the exception: It is usually separated from concrete with only a thin layer of foam. The radiant heating system may be embedded inside the concrete floor. Even if the basement unfinished and empty, heated to ensure the relative warmth of the floor above, and to prevent water supply pipes, waterways, etc. From freezing and explosion in winter. It is recommended that the basement wall be insulated into the frost line. In Canada, finished basement walls are usually isolated to the floor with a vapor barrier to prevent transmission of moisture. However, the completed basement must avoid wood floors or wood laminate, and metal framing and other moisture-resistant products should be used. The completed basement can be expensive for maintenance due to waterproofing material damage or lateral earth movement etc. The underground structures will never dry as above ground, and steps should be taken to circulate the air and reduce the humidity of the area.
Drainage considerations
Underground ducts connected to sanitary sewers must be filled regularly to prevent traps from drying and exhaust gases from escaping to the basement. The channel trap can be filled automatically by condensation from AC or high efficiency furnace. A small tube from another downpipe is sometimes used to keep the trap from drying out. Health Canada recommends the use of a special gas radon trap for ground ducts that leads to the ground or to a closed sump pump. In areas where storms and sanitary sewers are combined, and there is a risk of flooding and landfilling, the tear valves in all underground channels can be mandated by the code and are definitely recommended even if not mandated.
The main water cut-off valve is usually in the basement. Basements often have "outside cleaning" for sanitation and storm channels, where these pipes are accessible. Access to storm drains is only necessary where crying tiles flow into storm drains.
In addition to the basement that looks out or faces out, the windows in the basement need wells and are below the level. A clear window-well cover may be necessary to keep the window well from accumulating rainwater. There should be a channel in the window well, connected to the drainage channel.
If the surface of the water outside the basement is above the level of the basement floor, then the foundation to flow or the crying tiles outside the foundation may not be enough to keep the dungeons dry. Sump pumps may be required. It can be placed anywhere and only in the deeper wells of the basement floor.
Even with a functioning sump pump or a low water table, the basement can get wet after rain, due to improper drainage. The land next to the basement should be assessed in such a way that the water flows away from the wall of the dungeon. Downspouts from roof gutters must flow freely into storm sewers or directed away from home. Downspouts should not be connected to the foundations of draintiles. If draganile is clogged by leaves or debris from the rain gutter, the water on the roof will cause flooding underground through draintile. Moist resistant or waterproof material is usually applied outside the basement wall. It is almost impossible to make concrete walls waterproof, in the long run, so drainage is the key. There is a draining membrane that can be applied to the outside of the basement that creates a drain for water against the wall of the lower chamber to flow into the bottom conduit.
Where drainage is insufficient, waterproofing may be necessary. There are many ways to create a waterproof basement, but most systems fall into one of three categories:
- Tanking - The system that binds the basement structure and holds the ground water physically.
- Cavity drainage - Dimpled plastic membranes are used to coat the basement floors and walls, creating a "dried cavity." Any water entering this dried cavity is transferred to the sump pump and pumped away from the basement.
- Exterior Landing Disposal - Installing an outlet of the exterior foundation to be drained by gravity is the most effective way to create a waterproof basement. The exterior system allows water to flow out of the basement without using a pump or electricity. Exterior exhaust also allows the installation of waterproof membrane to the foundation wall.
The waterproofing system can be applied to the inside or outside walls of the dungeon. When the basement waterproofing is there it is much cheaper for waterproof basement on the inside. Outdoor waterproofing requires the cost of excavation, but offers a number of benefits for homeowners in the long run. Among others are:
- The gravity system
- No need for pump or power cord
- The membrane is applied to the exterior wall to prevent moisture, mold, moisture, and soil gas entering the house
- Permanent solution
Culture and completion of the basement
Unfinished basement
Unfinished designs, found mainly in larger spaces than traditional basements, are common in residences throughout the US and Canada. One usually finds in it water heaters, various pipes flowing along the ceiling and down to the floor, and sometimes work tables, refrigerators or refrigerators, or sets of washer/dryer. Boxes of various materials, and items not needed throughout the home, are also often stored there; in this case, the unfinished basement takes place both from the cellar and from the attic. Home workshops are often located in basements, because sawdust, metal chips, and other chaos or noise are less disturbing there. The basement can contain all these objects and is still considered "unfinished", as it is largely or entirely functional in its purpose.
Basement so
In this case the space has been designed, either during construction or at a later point by the owner, to function as a habitable addition at home. Often most or all of the basements are used as a recreation room or living room, but it is not uncommon to find there (either from or beside the living room/recreation) guest bedroom or teenage room, bathroom, home office, home gym , home theater, basement bar, sauna, and one or more cupboards. Sometimes parts of the basement are not destroyed and used for storage, workshops, and/or laundry rooms; when this is a case of water heater and the stove will also often be there, although in some cases the whole basement is finished, and the water heater and stove are locked up in the closet.
Subterranean partially finished
The main point of the difference between this type of dungeon and the other two lies in the completely unmodified (unlike the completed basement) beyond the addition of furniture, recreational objects and equipment, and/or sports equipment on the bare floor, or slightly modified through installation (other than any or all of the items mentioned above) of the loose carpet and possibly a simple lamp. In both cases, objects found there - much of which can be found in the finished basement as well - may include the following: weight sets and other exercise equipment; the boom box or entertainment system used during the exercise; musical instruments (which are not in storage, as they are technically in an unfinished basement, a set of assembled drums will be the most easily identified); football tables, chairs, sofas and entertainment equipment of lower quality than the rest of the house; refrigerators, stand-alone freezers, and microwaves (the first and the second is also sometimes used as an additional storage unit in an unfinished basement); and banners of sports and/or other types of posters attached to the wall.
As the description, this type of basement, which can also be called "semi-finished", is probably used by teens and children. The whole family may use the exercise area. It is also common to have a secondary (or primary) home office in a partially finished basement, as well as a work desk and/or room for laundry equipment.
Toilets and showers are sometimes present in these dungeons, as many of North America's basements are designed to allow for installation.
Basement completely complete - retro fitting
In London, the development of a ready-made retrofit basement is big business with a large number of projects in brackets of 100-200 square meters. There are a number of smaller projects in a 200-500 square meter enclosure under construction. It's also not unusual to see a multi-level retrofit basement. It is a masterpiece of civil engineering and requires some intuitive skills and understanding as well as good technique. Some of the more magnificent of these basement projects have been widely reported in the national media, especially the "Witanhurst" project in the Highgate area of ​​London. and houses like the giant icebergs that began to be built in major areas of London such as Kensington and Chelsea.
Use in hospital
Hospitals often place nuclear chemistry and radiation therapy and diagnostic resources in the crypt to harness shields from the earth.
Size of real estate floor space
In Canada, historically the basement is excluded from the broad size of the advertised house as it is not part of the living space. For example, a "2,000 square foot bungalow", in fact, has a floor area of ​​4,000 square feet (370 m). More recently, the end room has become increasingly acceptable as a measure that includes a basement area developed at home. Due to the fire code requirements, most jurisdictions require emergency exit (via the outgoing style window, or, in the case of dungeons running, doors) to include a square footage recording as a living space.
See also
- The coal hole
References
External links
- Ã, "Basement". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 3 (issue 11). 1911.
- National Research Council (Canada) Search underground subject
- HealthLink Articles on Mold Allergies
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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