Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in a variety of sports such as cricket, tennis, Gaelic football, badminton, hurling, Rugby Union, soccer and volleyball associations, to visually track trajectories and display path profiles which is statistically most likely as a moving image.
Sony's proprietary Hawk-Eye system was developed in the UK by Paul Hawkins. The system was initially implemented in 2001 for the purpose of television in cricket. The system works through six (sometimes seven) high performance cameras, usually positioned at the bottom of the stadium roof, which tracks the ball from different angles. The videos of the six cameras were then triangulated and combined to create a three-dimensional representation of the ball path. Hawk-Eye is not perfect, but accurate in 3.6 millimeters and is generally believed to be the second opinion that is impartial in sports.
It has been accepted by the governing bodies in tennis, cricket and football associations as a means of adjudication. Hawk-Eye is used for the Challenge System since 2006 in tennis and the Umpire Decision Review System in cricket since 2009. The system was launched for the 2013-14 Premier League season as a means of goal-line technology. In December 2014 Bundesliga first division clubs decided to adopt this system for the 2015-16 season.
Video Hawk-Eye
Operation method
All Hawk-Eye systems are based on triangulation principles using visual images and time data provided by a number of high-speed video cameras located at different locations and angles around the play area. For tennis there are ten cameras. The system quickly processes video feeds from cameras and ball trackers. Data storage contains predefined models of play areas and includes data on game rules.
In each frame sent from each camera, the system identifies the pixel group corresponding to the ball image. Then calculate for each frame the position of the ball by comparing its position on at least two separate cameras physically at the same time. A series of frames builds a note of the path along which the ball has traveled. It also "predicts" the future flight path of the ball and where it will interact with any of the play area features that are already programmed into the database. The system may also interpret this interaction to decide the violation of the rules of the game.
This system produces graphic images from the ball path and play area, which means that information can be provided to judges, television audiences or coaching staff in the near future in real-time.
The tracking system is combined with a back-end database and archiving capabilities making it possible to extract and analyze trends and statistics about individual players, games, ball-to-ball comparisons, etc.
Maps Hawk-Eye
Hawk-Eye Innovations Ltd
Engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited, a subsidiary of Siemens in Romsey, England, developed the system in 2001. Paul Hawkins and David Sherry filed a patent for the UK but withdrew their request. All these technologies and intellectual property are split into separate companies, Hawk-Eye Innovations Ltd, based in Winchester, Hampshire.
On June 14, 2006, a group of investors led by the Wisden Group bought the company, which included Mark Getty, a member of a wealthy American family and business dynasty. The acquisition is intended to strengthen Wisden's presence in cricket and enable him to enter tennis and other international sports, with Hawk-Eye working on a system for basketball. According to the Hawk-Eye website, the system generates more data than is shown on television.
Entered into sales in September 2010, it was sold as a complete entity to Japanese electronics giant Sony in March 2011.
Implementation in sports
Cricket
This technology was first used by Channel 4 during a Test match between England and Pakistan at Lord's Cricket Ground, on May 21, 2001. It is used mainly by the majority of television networks to track the in-flight ball trajectory. In the winter of 2008/2009 the ICC tested a referral system in which Hawk-Eye was used to refer the decision to a third umpire if the team disagreed with the LBW decision. The third referee was able to see what the ball really did get to the point when it hit the batsman, but could not see the ball's prediction after crashing into the batsman.
Its primary use in cricket broadcasting is in analyzing the foot before the goal decision, where the possibility of a ball path can be projected forward, through the foot of the batsman, to see if it will hit the stump. The third referee consultation, for conventional slow moves or Hawk-Eye, on foot before the goal decision, is currently sanctioned in international cricket despite doubts remain about its accuracy.
The Hawk-Eye referral to the BBLR decision is based on three criteria:
- Where the ball is pitched
- Collision location with batsman feet
- The projected ball path passes the batsman
In all three cases, marginal calls result in calls in the field being maintained.
Due to its real-time ball speed coverage, the system is also used to show patterns of sending bowler behavior such as lines and lengths, or swing information. At the end of the over, all six submissions are often displayed simultaneously to indicate bowler variations, such as slower delivery, guard and leg cutters. A full record of a bowler player can also be shown during the game.
Batsmen also benefit from the Hawk-Eye analysis, as records can be sung from the delivery of where a batsman scores. It is often featured as a 2-D silhouette figure of the batsman and the ball-colored dots faced by the batsman. Information such as the exact place where ball pitches or ball speeds from a bowler hand (for measuring batsman reaction time) can also be helpful in post-match analysis.
Tennis
In Serena Williams's quarter-final defeat to Jennifer Capriati at the 2004 US Open, three phone calls against Williams were in the final set, and the Auto-Ref system was being tested during the game. Although the call was not reversed, there was one answer from a call that was really true by the umpire chairman Mariana Alves that the TV re-play proved to be good. He was removed from consideration for the next game at the US Open that year. This error prompted talk of phone call assistance mainly because the Auto-Ref system was being tested by the US Open at the time and proved to be very accurate.
In late 2005, Hawk-Eye was tested by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) in New York City and authorized for professional use. Hawk-Eye reported that the New York test involved 80 shots measured by the ITF high-speed camera, a device similar to MacCAM. During the initial test of the system at the exhibition tennis tournament in Australia (seen on local TV), there are instances when the tennis ball is displayed as "Exit", but the accompanying word is "In". This is described as an error in the way a tennis ball is displayed on a graphical display as a circle, not as an ellipse. This was fixed immediately.
Hawk-Eye has been used in television coverage of several major tennis tournaments, including Wimbledon, Queen's Club Championship, Australian Open, Davis Cup and Tennis Masters Cup. The US Open Tennis Championship announced they will be officially using technology for the 2006 US Open where each player receives two challenges per set. It is also used as part of a larger tennis simulation implemented by IBM called PointTracker.
The 2006 Hopman Cup in Perth, Western Australia, is the first elite-level tennis tournament in which players are allowed to challenge the final line call, which is then reviewed by referees using Hawk-Eye technology. It uses 10 cameras that give information about the position of the ball to the computer. Jamea Jackson is the first player to challenge calls using the system.
In March 2006, at the Nasdaq-100 Open in Miami, Hawk-Eye was used officially for the first time on a tennis tour. Later that year, the US Open became the first grand-slam event to use the system while playing, allowing players to challenge phone calls.
The Australian Open 2007 was the first grand-slam tournament of 2007 to apply the Hawk-Eye in a challenge to phone calls, where every tennis player at Rod Laver Arena allowed two per-set challenges per set and one additional challenge should be played tiebreak. In terms of the final set of gains, the challenge is reset to two for each player every 12 games, which is all 6, 12 all. Controversy follows such events when Hawk-Eye produces the wrong output. In 2008, tennis players allowed three incorrect challenges per set instead. Any remaining challenges do not carry over to the next set. Once, AmÃÆ'Â © lie Mauresmo challenged the ball that was called, and Hawk-Eye showed the ball out for less than a millimeter, but the call was allowed to stand up. As a result, the point was played and Mauresmo did not miss the wrong challenge.
Hawk-Eye technology used in the Dubai Tennis Championships 2007 has some minor controversies. Defending champion Rafael Nadal accused the wrong system of announcing the ball out to follow his way out. The referee has called the ball out; when Mikhail Youzhny challenged the decision, Hawk-Eye said it in 3 mm . Youzhny said afterwards he himself thought that the sign was probably wide but then offered that this kind of technological error could easily be made by line judges and referees. Nadal can only shrug, saying that this system is in clay, the sign clearly shows that Hawk-Eye is wrong. The sign area left by the ball on the hard court is part of the total area where the ball is in contact with the court (a certain amount of pressure is required to create the mark).
The 2007 Wimbledon Championship also implements the Hawk-Eye system as an officer assistance at the Central Courts and Courts 1, and every tennis player is allowed three wrong challenges per set. If the set produces a tiebreak, every player is given an additional challenge. In addition, in terms of the final set (the third set in a women's or mixed match, the fifth set in a men's game), where there is no tiebreak, each player's challenge is reset to three if the game score reaches 6-6, and again on 12- 12. Teymuraz Gabashvili, in his first-round match against Roger Federer, made the first Hawk-Eye challenge at Center Court. In addition, during Federer's final against Rafael Nadal, Nadal challenged a shot that was called. Hawk-Eye shows ball like, just cut the line. Federer's turn is angry enough for him to ask (unsuccessfully) that the referee turns off Hawk-Eye technology for the rest of the game.
In the fourth fourth round of the Australian Open between Roger Federer and TomÃÆ'¡? Berdych, Berdych challenged outgoing calls. The Hawk-Eye system was not available when he was challenged, probably because of a very clear shadow in court. As a result, the original call stands.
In the 2009 Indian Wells quarterfinal match between Ivan Ljubi? and Andy Murray, Murray challenged outgoing calls. The Hawk-Eye system shows that the ball landed in the center of the line despite instant replay images showing that the ball was clearly out. It was later revealed that the Hawk-Eye system had mistakenly picked up a second bounce, which was in line, not the first bounce of the ball. Immediately after the match, Murray apologized to Ljubicic for a call, and admitted that the point was out.
The Hawk-Eye system was developed as a replay system, initially for broadcast TV coverage. Thus, initially can not call the ins and outs of life.
The Hawk-Eye Innovation website states that the system works with an average error of 3.6 mm . The standard tennis ball's diameter is 67 mm , equivalent to a 5% error relative to the diameter of the ball. This is roughly equivalent to the fur on the ball.
Currently, only claycourt tournaments, notably the French Open, are the only Grand Slam, which is generally free of Hawk-Eye technology because of the remaining marks on clay where the ball bounced into evidence of disputed phone calls. The referee's chair was then asked to get out of their chairs and check the sign in court with the player at his side to discuss the referee's chairman's decision.
Rule unification
Until March 2008, the International Tennis Federation (ITF), Professional Tennis Association (ATP), Women's Tennis Association (WTA), the Grand Slam Committee, and several individual tournaments have conflicting rules on how Hawk-Eye will be utilized. A key example of this is the number of challenges that a player is allowed per set, which varies between events. Some tournaments allow players to have a greater margin of error, with players allowed to make unlimited challenges during the game. In other tournaments, players receive two or three per set. On March 19, 2008, the above-mentioned organizers announced a uniform regulatory system: three challenges that did not work per set, with additional challenges if the set reached the tiebreak. In this set of profits (one set without a tiebreak) players are allowed three challenges that do not work every 12 games. The next scheduled event for the men's and women's tour, Sony Ericsson Open 2008, is the first event to apply this new standardized rule.
Associate Football
Hawk-Eye is one of the goal line technology (GLT) systems endorsed by FIFA. Hawk-Eye tracks the ball, and tells the referee if the ball actually crosses the goal line into the goal. The purpose of this system is to eliminate errors in judgment if a goal is printed. The Hawk-Eye system is one of the systems piloted by sports governors before the 2012 shift in Laws of the Game that makes GLT a permanent part of the game, and has been used in various competitions since then. GLT is not mandatory and, because of Hawk-Eye costs and its competitors, the system is only used in some high-level competition.
Starting July 2017, a licensed Hawk-Eye system is installed in 96 stadiums. With the number of installations, Hawk-Eye is the most popular GLT system. Hawk-Eye is a system used in the Premier League, Bundesliga among other leagues.
Snooker
At the 2007 World Snooker Championships, the BBC used Hawk-Eye for the first time in its television coverage to show the view of players, especially snooker candidates. It has also been used to indicate the shots that were intended by the player when the actual shots have been screwed. Now used by the BBC in every World Championship, as well as some other major tournaments. BBC is used to use the system sporadically, for example in Master 2009 the Wembley Hawk-Eye is used most once or twice per frame. Its use has declined significantly and is now only used in the World Championships and is very rare in other tournaments on the snooker tour. Unlike the tennis, Hawk-Eye has never been used in snooker to aid refereeing decisions and is primarily used to help viewers in showing what players are dealing with.
Gaelic games
In Ireland, Hawk-Eye is introduced for all Championship matches at Croke Park in Dublin in 2013. This is followed by consideration by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) for its use in Gaelic football and throwing. The trial took place at Croke Park on 2 April 2011. The double header featured football between Dublin and Down and skied between Dublin and Kilkenny. During the previous two seasons there have been many calls for technology to be adopted, especially from Kildare fans, who saw two high profile decisions against their team in an important game. GAA said it will review the issue after the 2013 Sam Maguire Cup is presented.
The use of Hawk-Eye is intended to eliminate the values ​​of debate. It was first used in the Championship on Saturday 1 June 2013 for the Kildare versus Offaly match, part of a double header with Dublin's second match versus Westmeath. It was used to confirm that Offaly's surrogate point back Peter Cunningham had gone wide 10 minutes into the second half.
The use of Hawk-Eye suspended during the All-Ireland 2013 threw the semi-finals on August 18 due to human error during an under-18 throwing game between Limerick and Galway. During a small game, Hawk-Eye decided the point for Limerick as a miss even though the graphics showed a passing ball inside the post, causing confusion around the stadium - the referee finally waved valid points and provoked outrage from fans, viewers and TV analysts covering the match directly. The system then stops for the senior match that followed, due to "inconsistencies in graphical generation". Limerick, who narrowly lost after extra time, announced that they would appeal the expensive failure of Hawk-Eye. Hawk-Eye apologized for this incident and admitted that it was the result of human error. No further incidents during GAA. The incident drew the attention of England, where Hawk-Eye had made its debut in the English Premier League football the day before.
Hawk-Eye is introduced to second place, Semple Stadium, Thurles, in 2016. There is no TV screen at Semple: instead, the electronic screen displays green TÃÆ'¡ if the score has been made, and red NÃÆ'l if the shot is wide.
It was used in third place, PÃÆ'¡irc UÃÆ' Chaoimh, Cork, in July 2017, for Ireland's quarter-final final between Clare versus Tipperary and Wexford versus Waterford.
There is no official term in Irish, although some publications have used direct translation of SÃÆ'ºil an tSeabhaic .
Australian football
On July 4, 2013, the Australian Football League announced that it will test Hawk Eye technology to be used in the Score Review process. Hawk Eye is used for all matches played in MCG during Round 15 of the AFL Season 2013. AFL also announced that Hawk Eye is only being tested, and will not be used in Scores Score during rounds.
Badminton
BWF introduced Hawk-Eye technology in 2014 after testing other instant review technologies for line-line decisions at major BWF events. Hawk-Eye tracking camera is also used to provide shuttlecock speed and other insights in badminton matches. Hawk-Eye is officially introduced in India Super Series 2014 tournament.
Doubles
Hawk-Eye is now familiar to sports enthusiasts all over the world for views brought to sport like cricket and tennis. Although this new technology has largely been embraced, it has been criticized by some quarters. In the men's 2007 Wimbledon Championships singles final between Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer, the emerging ball was called by 1 mm , a distance smaller than the advertised margin of error ( 3.6 mm ). Some commentators have criticized the 3.6 mm error margin in the system because they are too large. Others have noted that while 3.6 mm is remarkably accurate, this error margin is only for the trajectory of the ball being witnessed. In 2008, an article in a peer-reviewed journal combined many of these doubts. The authors acknowledge the value of the system, but note that it may be mistaken to some extent, and that its failure to describe the margin of error provides a false representation of events. The authors also argue that the likelihood of its accuracy limit is not recognized by players, officials, commentators or spectators. They hypothesized that Hawk-Eye might struggle with predicting a cricket ball path after it bounces: the time between the bouncing ball and attacking the batsman may be too short to produce the three frames (at least) required to plan the curve accurately. However, the paper does not attempt to establish the accuracy of the system, and the only technical information presented is taken from the article on the Cricinfo website.
Use in computer game
The use of brands and simulations of Hawk-Eye has been licensed to Codemasters for use in the video game Brian Lara International Cricket 2005 to make games look more like television coverage, and later in Brian Lara International Cricket 2007, Ashes Cricket 2009 and International Cricket 2010. Similar versions of this system has been incorporated into the Xbox 360 Smash Court Tennis 3 version, but is not in the PSP version of this game, although it does feature normal ball challenges that do not use the Hawk-Eye feature. It is also featured (Called Big Eye) at Don Bradman Cricket 2014 and 2017.
See also
- Cricket and cricket equipment
- The electronic line judge
- Cyclops
- Hot Spot (cricket)
- The Umpire Decision Review System
References
External links
- Hawk-Eye Innovation
- Hawk-eye demonstration video in cricket match
- How Magazine Works - Controversial Hawk-Eye Moments
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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