Ground transportation is the transportation or movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another on land. The two main forms of land transportation are rail transport and road transport.
Video Land transport
Sistem
Several land transportation systems have been designed, from basic human systems that carry goods from the premises to sophisticated ground transportation networks using various types of vehicles and infrastructure. The three types are human-powered, animal-powered, and powered machines
Human-powered transportation
Human-powered transportation, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transportation of people and/or goods using the power of human muscle, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has enabled machines to increase human strength. Human-powered transportation remains popular for reasons of cost savings, recreation, physical exercise, and environmentalism; sometimes the only type available, especially in disadvantaged or inaccessible areas.
Although humans can run without infrastructure, transportation can be improved through the use of roads, especially when using human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline shoes. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, with rowboats and skis; even the air can be entered by human-powered aircraft.
Animal-powered transportation
Animal-driven transportation is the use of worker animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans can ride some animals directly, use them as animal carriers to carry goods, or tie them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.
Road transport
Roads are identifiable routes, roads or paths between two or more places. Roads are usually smoothed, paved, or prepared for easy travel; though unnecessary, and historically many paths are just identifiable routes without formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads can pass through towns or villages and are named as roads, serving dual functions as a looseness of city space and routes.
The most common land vehicles are cars; wheeled passenger vehicles carrying their own bikes. Other road users include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. In 2002, there were 590 million cars worldwide. Cars have caused air pollution that causes people to get asthma. Road transport offers complete freedom for road users to transfer vehicles from one lane to another and from one street to the other according to need and comfort. The flexibility of this location change, direction, speed, and time of travel is not available for other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door to door service only by land transportation.
Cars offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are considered with high energy and area use, and a major source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at reduced cost of flexibility. Land transportation by truck is often the beginning and end stage of goods transport.
Railway transport
Train transport is where trains run along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as rail or train tracks. The rails are attached perpendicular to the bond (or sleep) of wood, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent separate distance, or gauge. The rails and the perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed soil and gravel on a ballast bed. Alternate methods include monorail and maglev.
The train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the tracks. Propulsion is usually provided by a locomotive, which carries a series of cars without power, which can carry passengers or goods. Locomotives can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by the trackside system. Alternatively, some or all cars can be switched on, known as multiple units. Also, trains can be supported by horses, wires, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as boats.
Intercity train is a long-distance service that connects cities; modern high-speed rails capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires a specially constructed track. Regional commuter and commuter trains from the suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-city transport is done by high capacity tramways and fast transit, often the backbone of public transport of the city. The freight trains use a traditional box car, which requires manual loading and unloading of cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for public transport, while large numbers of mass transports are transported by special trains.
Other modes
Pipe transport sends goods through pipes; Most common liquids and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquids or gases can be sent through pipes. Short-range systems exist for waste, porridge, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.
Cable transport is a broad mode in which vehicles are drawn by cables instead of internal resources. This is most often used on steep gradients. Common solutions include air trams, elevators, escalators and ski lifts; some of which are also categorized as conveyor transport.
Connect with other modes
Airport
The airport serves as a terminal for air transport activities, but most people and cargo transported by air must use ground transportation to reach their final destination.
Airport-based services are sometimes used to take people to the nearest hotel or motel when it takes an overnight stay to connect the flight. The company provides car rentals, private bus services and taxis while mass transit is usually provided by municipalities or other public funding sources.
Several major airports, including Denver International and JFK International, provide many types of land transportation, often by working with livery companies and similar businesses. Smaller airports may have only a few private rental companies and bus services. Larger airports tend to offer several different transportation options. Larger airports also sometimes have light rails and/or circular roads around the airport to provide access from several terminals.
Sea port
Like air transport, sea transportation usually requires the use of ground transportation at the end of the journey for people and goods to reach their final destination. Significant infrastructure is used in ports to transfer people and goods between marine and terrestrial systems.
Maps Land transport
Element
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is a fixed installation that allows the vehicle to operate. It consists of roads, terminals and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipe, road and cable transportation, the entire vehicle journey must be built.
Terminals such as stations are locations where passengers and goods can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, the terminals integrate different modes to allow motorists to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For example, the airport rail network connects the airport to the city center and the suburbs. The terminal for cars is a parking lot, while buses and coaches can operate from simple bus stops. For goods delivery, the terminal acts as a transshipment point, although some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.
Infrastructure financing can be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some rail and airport states are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can have high costs, and are often financed through debt. Therefore, many infrastructure owners charge fees for use, such as airport landing fees, or toll plaza on the road. Regardless of this, the authorities may impose a tax on the purchase or use of the vehicle. Due to poor forecasts and estimates of the excessive number of passengers by planners, there is often a shortage of benefits for transport infrastructure projects.
Vehicles
Vehicle is an inanimate tool used to move people and goods. In contrast to infrastructure, vehicles move along with cargo and riders. Unless pulled by a cable or muscle strength, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most often done through steam engines, combustion engines, or electric motors, although other propulsion methods also exist. Vehicles also require an energy conversion system into motion; This is most often done through wheels, propellers and pressure.
Vehicles are usually guided by the driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some fast transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for passengers. Simple vehicles, such as cars, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one passenger as a driver.
Users
Public
Public land transportation refers to the transport of persons and goods by government or commercial bodies provided to the general public for the purpose of facilitating the economy and the communities they serve. Most transport infrastructure and large transport vehicles are operated in this way. Funds to pay for such transportation may come from taxes, subscriptions, direct user fees, or some combination. Most of the land-based public transport, with the transport and delivery of the post is the main objective.
Trading
Commercial land transportation refers to the transport of persons and goods by commercial entities available at a cost to individuals, businesses and governments for the purpose of profiting from the entity providing travel. Most of the infrastructure used is publicly owned, and vehicles tend to be large and efficient to maximize capacity and profit margins. Delivery of goods and long distance travel is a common use served by commercial ground transportation.
Military
Military land transportation refers to the transport of persons and goods by military or other operators for the purpose of supporting military operations, both in peacetime and in battle areas. These activities can use a combination of public infrastructure as well as military-specific infrastructure and in many cases are designed to operate with little or no infrastructure when needed. Vehicles can range from commercial or even personal vehicles to those specifically designed for military use.
Personal
Private land transportation refers to individuals and organizations carrying themselves and their people, animals, and their own goods at their own discretion. The vehicles used are usually smaller, although public-owned infrastructure is often used for travel.
Function
The relocation of travelers and cargo is the most common use of transportation. However, there are other uses, such as strategic relocation and tactical armed forces during warfare, or the construction of civil mobility or emergency equipment.
Passenger
Transport of passengers, or travel, is divided into public and private transportation. Public transport is a scheduled service on fixed routes, while private is a vehicle that provides ad hoc services to the driver's liking. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and higher environmental impact. Travel can be part of a daily trip, for business, leisure, or migration.
Short-haul transportation is dominated by cars and mass transportation. The latter consists of buses in rural and small towns, equipped with commuter trains, trams and fast transit in major cities. Long distance transport involves the use of cars, trains, coaches and airplanes, the latter has become more widely used for the longest journeys, including intercontinental. Intermodal passenger transportation is where the journey is made through the use of several modes of transportation; because all human transport usually starts and ends by walking, all passenger transport can be considered as intermodal. Public transport can also involve switching between vehicles, within or across all modes, in transportation centers, such as buses or train stations.
Taxis and buses can be found at both ends of the public transport spectrum. Buses are a cheaper but not always flexible mode of transportation, and taxis are very flexible but more expensive. In the center is responsive to demand, offering flexibility while remaining affordable.
International travel may be limited to multiple individuals due to visa laws and requirements.
Transport
Freight transport, or delivery, is key in the value chain in manufacturing. With increased specialization and globalization, production is away from consumption, rapidly increasing demand for transportation. While all modes of transportation are used for cargo transport, there is a high difference between the cargo transport properties, in which mode is selected. Logistics refers to the whole process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transportation, transshipment, warehousing, material handling and packaging, with the exchange of related information. Incoterms offerings with handling payments and risk responsibilities during transportation.
Containers, with ISO container standardization on all vehicles and at all ports, have revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering substantial reductions in transhipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo must be loaded and manually lowered to within every car; containers allow for automatic handling and transfer between modes, and standard sizes allow for profits in economies of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the main driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.
Mass transit is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without damage; Typical examples are ore, coal, cereal and petroleum. Due to product uniformity, mechanical handling can allow enormous amounts to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of cargo combined with high volume also means economies of scale are important in transportation, and all trains are generally used to transport bulk goods. Liquid products with sufficient volume can also be transported through pipes.
History
The first inland human transportation facilities are running. Animal feeding introduces a new way to put transport loads on stronger creatures, allowing heavier loads to be transported, or humans to ride animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as wheels and sleds help make animal transportation more efficient through vehicle recognition. However, water transport, including rowed and sailing vessels, is the only efficient way to transport large quantities of goods or long distances before the Industrial Revolution.
The first form of land transportation is horses, cattle or even humans carrying goods on trails of land that often follow the footsteps of the game. The asphalt road was built by many early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and Indus Valley Civilizations. The Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow troops to travel quickly. The deep road surface of the crushed stone below ensures that the roads stay dry. The medieval Caliphate then built a paved road. Until the Industrial Revolution, transportation remains slow and expensive, and production and consumption are as close to each other as possible.
The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century saw a number of discoveries fundamentally changing transport. With telegraphy, communication becomes instant and independent of transportation. The invention of the steam engine, followed by its application in rail transport, makes ground transportation independent of human or animal muscle. Speed ​​and capacity are increasing rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing that is located independent of natural resources.
With the development of combustion engines and cars at the turn of the 20th century, road transport became more feasible, allowing the introduction of personalized mechanical transportation. The first highway was built in the 19th century with macadam. Then, asphalt and concrete become the dominant paving material.
After World War II, automakers and airlines took the higher transportation part, reducing trains to freight and short-haul passengers. In the 1950s, the introduction of containers provided an enormous efficiency advantage in the transportation of goods, which allowed globalization. International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s, with the commercialization of jet engines. Along with the growth in cars and highways, it introduced a decline for rail transport. After the introduction of the Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed trains in Asia and Europe began carrying passengers on long-haul routes from airlines.
Early in US history, most waterways, bridges, canals, railroads, roads and tunnels were owned by private joint-stock companies. Most of the transport infrastructure was under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city passenger rail services with Amtrak manufacturing. Recently, however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some land and followers.
Impact
Economy
Transportation is a major need for specialization - enabling production and consumption of products to occur in different locations. Transport throughout history has spurred expansion; Better transport allows for greater trade and spread of people. Economic growth always depends on increasing the capacity and rationality of transportation. But infrastructure and transport operations have a major impact on the land and are the biggest energy booster, making transportation sustainability a major issue.
Modern society dictates the physical differences between home and work, forcing people to transport themselves to work or study, as well as temporary relocation for other daily activities. Passenger transportation is also the core of tourism, the main part of recreational transportation. Trading requires the transport of people to do business, either to enable face-to-face communication for important decisions or to move specialists from their regular workplace to the sites where they are needed.
Planning
Transport planning enables high utilization and a smaller impact on new infrastructure. Using transportation forecasting models, planners can predict future transportation patterns. At the operating level, logistics allows cargo owners to plan for transportation as part of the supply chain. Transportation as a field is studied through the transport economy, the backbone for policy-making regulation by the authorities. The transport technique, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, should take into account travel making, travel distribution, mode selection and route setting, while operative levels are handled through traffic engineering.
Due to the negative impacts made, transport is often the subject of controversy regarding fashion choices, as well as capacity building. Automotive transportation can be seen as a shared tragedy, where the flexibility and comfort for individuals deteriorates the natural and urban environment for all. The density of development depends on the mode of transportation, with public transport enabling better space utilization. Good land use makes public activities close to people's homes and places density development closer to transportation lines and hubs, to minimize transportation needs. There is an agglomeration economy. Beyond the transport some land use is more efficient when clustered. Transport facilities consume land, and in cities, sidewalks (devoted to roads and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of total land use. An efficient transportation system can reduce land wastes.
Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and many - if not all - of the negative impacts that accompany it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have begun to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis that bring far broader skills than those traditionally dependent on - covering areas such as environmental impact analysis. , public health, sociologists, as well as economists - the viability of older mobility solutions are increasingly being questioned. European cities are leading this transition.
Environment
Transportation is the primary use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. It creates air pollution, including nitric and particulate oxides, and is a significant contributor to global warming through carbon dioxide emissions, where transportation is the fastest growing emission sector. With the sub-sector, land transportation is the largest contributor to global warming. Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced individual vehicle emissions; However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles and the use of each vehicle. Some roads to reduce road vehicle carbon emissions have been widely studied. Energy use and emissions vary widely among the various modes, leading to environmental activists calling for the transition from rail to road and human-powered transportation, as well as increased transportation electrification and energy efficiency.
Other environmental impacts of the transport system include traffic congestion and car-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitats and agricultural land. By reducing transport emissions globally, it is expected that there will be significant positive effects on air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change on Earth.
See also
References
External links
- Land Transportation Page, Philadelphia International Airport
- Land Transportation Page, Denver International Airport
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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