Beauty is a characteristic of animals, ideas, objects, people or places that provide an experience of satisfaction or perceptual satisfaction. Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics, culture, social psychology, philosophy and sociology. "Ideal beauty" is an admired entity, or has features that are widely associated with beauty in a particular culture, for perfection.
The ugliness is considered the opposite of beauty.
The experience of "beauty" often involves the interpretation of some entities as a balance and harmony with nature, which can lead to feelings of interest and emotional well-being. Since this can be a subjective experience, it is often said that "beauty is in the eyes of the beholder."
There is evidence that the perception of beauty is determined evolutionarily, that objects, human aspects and scenery that are considered beautiful are usually found in situations that may provide an improved survival of the understanding human genes.
Video Beauty
Yunani Kuno
The classical Greek nouns most translated into English words "beauty" or "beautiful" are ??????, kallos , and the adjectives are ?????, kalos . However, kalos can and also be translated as "good"? or? good quality? and thus have a broader meaning than just physical or material beauty. Similarly, kallos is used differently from the first and foremost English word of beauty applied to humans and contains erotic connotations.
The Koine Greek word for beautiful is ??????, h? Raios , the etymological adjective comes from the word ???, h? Ra , which means "clock". In Koine Greek, beauty is associated with "being an hour". Thus, the ripe fruit (in time) is considered beautiful, while young women who try to look older or older women who try to look younger will not be considered beautiful. In Attic Greek, h? Raios has many meanings, including "young" and "old age".
The earliest theories of Western beauty can be found in the work of early Greek philosophers from the pre-Socratic period, such as Pythagoras. The school of Pythagoras sees a strong connection between mathematics and beauty. In particular, they note that objects that are proportionate to the gold ratios look more attractive. Ancient Greek architecture is based on the view of symmetry and this proportion.
Plato regards beauty as the Idea (Form) above all other Ideas. Aristotle saw the relationship between the beautiful ( with the kalon ) and the virtue, arguing that "Virtue aims at the beautiful."
The classical philosophy and male and female sculptures produced in accordance with the principles of the Greek philosophers of the ideal human beauty were rediscovered in the European Renaissance, leading to the adoption of what came to be known as the "classical ideals". In terms of female female beauty, a woman whose appearance is in accordance with these teachings is still called "classical beauty" or said to have "classical beauty", while the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also given the standard for male beauty. in western civilization. During the Gothic era, the classical aesthetic beauty aesthetic was rejected as sin. Later, Renaissance thinkers and Human Thinkers reject this view, and regard beauty as the product of a rational order and a harmonious proportion. Renaissance artists and architects (such as Giorgio Vasari in his book "Lives of Artists") criticize the Gothic period as irrational and barbaric. This Gothic point of view survived until Romanticism, in the 19th century.
Maps Beauty
The Age of Reason
The Age of Reason sees an increasing interest in beauty as a philosophical subject. For example, the Scottish philosopher Francis Hutcheson argues that beauty is "unity in diversity and variation in unity". Romantic poets, too, became very concerned with the nature of beauty, with John Keats arguing in "Ode on the Grecian Guci" which
- Beauty is truth, true beauty, - that's all.
- You know on earth, and everything you need to know.
Romantic Period
In the Romantic period, Edmund Burke postulated the difference between beauty in a classical and sublime sense. The noble concept, as described by Burke and Kant, suggests looking at Gothic art and architecture, though not in accordance with classical beauty standards, as sublime.
The 20th century and after
The 20th century saw the increasing denial of beauty by artists and philosophers, culminating in anti-aesthetic postmodernism. Although beauty is the primary concern of one of the major influences of postmodernism, Friedrich Nietzsche, who argues that the Will of Power is the Will of Beauty.
After the rejection of postmodernism against beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an important value. American analytical philosopher Guy Sircello proposes his new Beauty Theory as an attempt to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important philosophical concept. Elaine Scarry also argues that beauty is related to justice.
Beauty is also studied by psychologists and neurologists in the field of experimental aesthetics and neuroesthetics respectively. Psychological theories see beauty as a form of pleasure. Correlational findings support the view that more beautiful objects are also more fun. Several studies have shown that higher beauty is associated with activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex. The approach of localizing the processing of beauty in one area of ​​the brain has received criticism in the field.
Human beauty
The characterization of a person as "beautiful", either individually or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of inner beauty, which includes psychological factors such as personality, intelligence, grace, modesty, charisma, integrity, and elegance, and outward beauty (ie physical attractiveness) which includes aesthetically assessed physical attributes.
Beauty standards have changed over time, based on changes in cultural values. Historically, the paintings show different beauty standards. However, relatively young humans, with delicate skin, proportionate body, and regular features, have traditionally been regarded as the most beautiful in history.
The strongest indicator of physical beauty is "averageness". When the images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become closer to the "ideal" image and are considered more attractive. It was first noticed in 1883, when Francis Galton coated photographic images of vegetarian and criminal faces to see if there was a distinctive facial appearance for each. While doing this, he sees that composite images are more attractive than individual images. Researchers have replicated the results under more controlled conditions and found that the resulting computer, the mathematical average of a series of faces considered more profitable than each face. It is said that it is evolutionarily advantageous that sexual beings are attracted to couples who have dominant or average characteristics, because they show no genetic or acquired defect. There is also evidence that preference for beautiful faces emerges early in infancy, and may have existed from birth, and that the rules in which attractiveness is shaped equally across different genes and cultures.
The characteristic of the beautiful woman that the researchers have explored is the waist-hip ratio of about 0.70. Physiologists have shown that women with hourglass numbers are more fertile than other women because of certain higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may unconsciously suggest that men choose a partner.
People are affected by the images they see in the media to determine what is beautiful or not. Some feminists and doctors suggest that the very thin models featured in magazines promote eating disorders, and others argue that the dominance of white women featured in movies and advertisements leads to the concept of Eurocentric beauty, low self-esteem in black women, and racism. internalized.
The black is a beautiful cultural movement trying to get rid of this idea.
Fatima Lodhi, a youth advocate of diversity and anti-color from Pakistan, claims that "Beauty comes in all shapes, shades and sizes".
The concept of beauty in men is known as' bish? Nen 'in Japan. Bisheneen refers to men with distinct feminine features, physical characteristics that build beauty standards in Japan and are usually exhibited in their pop culture idols. A multimillion dollar industry from Japan's Aesthetic Salon exists for this reason.
Effects on people
Beauty presents a standard of comparison, and can cause resentment and dissatisfaction when not achieved. People who do not fit into "ideal beauty" can be excluded in their community. Ugly Betty television show comedy depicts the life of a girl who is facing difficulties because of society's unfriendly attitude towards people they find uninteresting. However, a person may also be subjected to abuse because of their beauty. In MalÃÆ'¨na, a very beautiful Italian woman was forced to become poor by women from a community who refused to give her job for fear that she might "seduce" their husbands. Documentary Films Beauty in the Shepherd's Eyes explores both the social blessings and the curse of women's beauty through the interviews of women who are considered beautiful.
Researchers have found that good-looking students get higher grades than their teachers than students with regular appearances. Several studies using artificial criminal trials have shown that physically attractive "defendants" are less likely to be punished - and if a convict tends to receive a lighter sentence - rather than an unattractive one (though the opposite effect is observed when the alleged crime is a fraud, perhaps because the jury considers the defendant's appeal as facilitating the crime). Studies among adolescents and young adults, such as those performed by psychiatrists and self-help writers, Eva Ritvo, show that skin conditions have a profound effect on social behavior and opportunities.
How much money a person earns can also be affected by physical beauty. A study found that people with low physical attractiveness can earn 5 to 10 percent less than those who look normal, which in turn produce 3 to 8 percent fewer than those who are considered handsome. In the market for loans, the least attractive people are less likely to get approval, even though they tend to fail. In the marriage market, the appearance of women is a premium, but the appearance of men is not too much of a problem.
On the contrary, being very unattractive increases the individual's propensity for criminal activity for a number of crimes ranging from robbery to theft to selling illegal drugs.
Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as lookism.
Author definitions
St. Augustine says of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift from God; but that kindness may not consider it as a great favor, God distributes it to even the bad guys."
Philosopher and novelist Umberto Eco wrote About Beauty: The History of Western Ideas (2004) and On Ugliness (2007). A character in his novel The Name of Rose states: "three things agree in creating beauty: first of all integrity or perfection, and for this reason we perceive all incomplete things, the proportions or consonants right, and finally clarity and light ", before proceeding to say" beautiful scenery implies peace ".
See also
- Jewelry
- Beauty pageant
- Body modifications
- Glamor (presentations)
- Process the eloquence of the theory of aesthetic pleasure
- Not interesting
References
External links
- Sartwell, Crispin. "Beauty". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- Beauty at Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
- BBC Radio 4 In Our Time Program on Beauty (requires RealAudio)
- Historical Dictionary of Ideas : The Theory of Beauty in the Nineteen Middle Ages
- beautycheck.de/english Regensburg University - Beautiful Facial Characteristics
- Eli Siegel "Is Beauty Making People Conflicting?"
- Art and love in the Renaissance of Italy , Issued in connection with the exhibition held November 11, 2008-February. 16, 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (see Belle: Picturing Beautiful Women; pages 246-254).
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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