Denali ( ) (also known as Mount McKinley , the previous official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a peak height of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level. With topographic advantages of 20,156 feet (6,144 m) and topographic isolation of 4,629 miles (7.450 km), Denali is the third most prominent and most isolated third peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in Alaska Range in the interior of Alaska state, Denali is the center of Denali National Park and Preserve.
Measured from its base to its peak, Denali is also the highest mountain on Earth (excluding mountains like Mauna Kea basically under water) - with a total vertical increase of about 18,000 feet (5,500 m).
The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as "Denali" for centuries. In 1896, a gold miner named him "Mount McKinley" to support presidential candidate William McKinley; the name is the official name recognized by the United States Federal government from 1917 to 2015. In August 2015, after the Alaska State leader in 1975, the US Department of the Interior announced the official name change from the mountain to Denali.
In 1903, James Wickersham recorded the first attempt to climb Denali, which was unsuccessful. In 1906, Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent, which later proved wrong. The first verifiable ascent to the Denali summit was reached on June 7, 1913, by Hudson Stuck, Harry Karstens, Walter Harper and Robert Tatum, who went to the Southern Summit. In 1951, Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route, regarded as the safest and easiest route, and therefore the most popular currently in use.
On September 2, 2015, the US Geological Survey announced that the mountain was 20,310 feet (6,190 m) tall, instead of 20,320 feet (6,194 m), measured in 1952 using photogrammetry.
Video Denali
Geology and features Edit
Denali is a granite pluton that is lifted by the tectonic pressure of the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the North American Plate; at the same time, the sediment material above and around the mountain is stripped away by erosion. The power that raised the Denali also caused many deep earthquakes in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The Pacific Plate is seismically active beneath the Denali, a tectonic region known as the "McKinley group".
Denali has a peak height of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level, making it the highest peak in North America and the northernmost mountain above 6,000 meters in the world. Measured from base to peak at about 18,000 feet (5,500 m), it is one of the largest mountains located entirely above sea level (although some Asian mountains namely Rakaposhi, Dhaulagiri and Nanga Parbat are even bigger in this case). Denali rises from a sloping plain with an altitude of 1,000 to 3,000 feet (300 to 910 m), to a base-to-peak height of 17,000 to 19,000 feet (5,000 to 6,000 m). By comparison, Mount Everest rises from the Tibetan Plateau at a much higher altitude. The base elevation for the Everest range of 13,800 ft (4,200 m) on the south side is up to 17,100 m (5,200 m) on the Tibetan Plateau, for a base-to-peak height in the range of 12,000 to 15,300 feet (3,700 to 4,700 m). The Denali base-to-top height is slightly more than half of 33,500 feet (10,200 m) from the volcano Mauna Kea, which is mostly located under water.
Mountain layout Edit
Denali has two important peaks: South Summit is higher, while North Summit has a height of 19,470 feet (5,934 m) and an advantage of about 1,270 feet (387 m). North summits are sometimes counted as separate peaks (see for example, fourteener) and sometimes not; it rarely goes up, except by those who do the route on the north side of the massif.
Five large glaciers flowing from the slopes. The Peters glacier lies on the northwestern massive side, while the Muldrow Glacier falls off its northeastern slope. Just east of Muldrow, and bordering the east side of the massif, is Traleika Glacier. The Ruth Glacier lies to the southeast of the mountain, and the Kahiltna Glacier leads to the southwestern side of the mountain. With a length of 44Ã, mi (71 km), Glacier Kahiltna is the longest glacier in Alaska Range.
Maps Denali
Naming Edit
The Koyukon Athabaskans who inhabit the area around the mountain for centuries called the summit as Dinale or Denali . This name is based on the word Koyukon for "high" or "high". During Russian ownership over Alaska, the common name for the mountain is Bolshaya Gora (Russian: ????????????????? bolshaya = Russian for large ; gora = Russian for mountain ), which is Russian translation of Denali . It was briefly called Densmore's Mountain in the late 1880s and early 1890s after Frank Densmore, an Alaska seeker who was the first European to reach the base of the mountain.
In 1896, a gold-seeker named him McKinley as political support for presidential candidate William McKinley, who became president the following year. The United States formally recognized the name of Mount McKinley after President Wilson signed the Mount McKinley National Park Act of 26 February 1917. In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson declared the summit of the north and south of the "Churchill Peaks" mountain, in honor of the British statesman Winston Churchill. The Alaska Geographical Name Board changed the name of the mountain to Denali in 1975, which is how it is called locally. However, a request in 1975 from the state legislature of Alaska to the United States Council on Geographic Names to do the same at the federal level was blocked by Ohio Congressman Ralph Regula, whose district included the small town of Canton McKinley.
On August 30, 2015, just before the president's visit to Alaska, the Barack Obama administration announced the name of Denali will be restored in accordance with the designation of the Alaska Geographic Council. US Secretary of State Sally Jewell issued an order to change its name to Denali on August 28, 2015, which immediately took effect. Jewell said the change was "long overdue". The re-naming of the mountain received praise from senior US senator Lisa Murkowski, who had previously introduced legislation to achieve a name change, but it attracted criticism from some politicians from the state of President McKinley in Ohio, like Governor John Kasich, US Senator. Rob Portman, US House Speaker John Boehner, and Representative Bob Gibbs, who described Obama's actions as a "constitutional overreach" because he said Congressional action is needed to change the name of the mountain. The Alaska Dispatch News reports that the Secretary of the Interior has authority under federal law to change the geographical name when the Geographic Name Board does not act on a naming request within a "reasonable" time period. Jewell told Alaska Dispatch News that "I think we all would think that 40 years is an unreasonable time."
The original names for Denali can be found in seven different Alaskan languages. The names fall into two categories. To the south of the Alaska Range in Dena'ina and Ahtna, this mountain is known by the names translated as "big mountain". In the northern part of the Alaska Range in Lower Tanana, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Holikachuk, and Deg Xinag, the mountain is known by the names translated as "high", "high" (Koyukon, Low and Middle). Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim, Deg Xinag, and Holikachuk), or "big mountain" (Ahtna and Dena'ina). Asked about the importance of the mountain and its name, Will Mayo, former chairman of the Tanana Chiefs Conference, an organization representing 42 Athabaskan tribes in the interior of Alaska, said "This is not a homogeneous trust structure around the mountain, but we all agree that we are all very satisfied with the recognition about the importance of Denali for Alaska residents. "
The following table lists the names of Alaska Athabascan for Denali.
History Edit
The Koyukon Athabaskans, living in Yukon, Tanana and Kuskokwim basin, were the first Native Americans with access to the sides of the mountain. A British naval captain and explorer, George Vancouver, was the first European to ever see Denali, as he recorded "remarkable mountains" while observing Knik Arm from Cook Inlet on May 6, 1794. Russian explorer Lavrenty Zagoskin roamed the Tanana and Kuskokwim rivers in 1843 and 1844, and possibly the first Europeans to see mountains from the other side.
William Dickey, a Seattle-born New Hampshire resident, Washington who had dug gold in the sand of the Susitna River, wrote, after returning from Alaska, an account in New York Sun that appeared on January 24, 1897. His report drew attention to the phrase "We have no doubt that this peak is the highest in North America, and estimates that it is over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) tall." Until then, Mount Logan in Canada's Yukon Territory is believed to be the highest point on the continent. Although later praised for his estimates, Dickey admits that the other inventors have also guessed the mountain to be over 20,000 feet (6,100 m).
On November 5, 2012, the United States Mint released a work of twenty-five cents depicting Denali National Park. This is a quarter of the America the Beautiful Quarters series. Features inverted Dall sheep with Denali peaks in the background.
Historical climb Edit
The first recorded attempt to climb Denali was by Judge James Wickersham in 1903, through Peters Glacier and the Northern Face, now known as Wickersham Wall. Due to the history of the avalanche route, it did not manage to rise until 1963.
The famous explorer Dr. Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent of the mountain in 1906. His claim was regarded with suspicion from the beginning, but also widely believed. It was later proved wrong, with some important evidence provided by Bradford Washburn when he sketched at the lower peak.
In 1910, four locals - Tom Lloyd, Peter Anderson, Billy Taylor, and Charles McGonagall - were known as the first occupant expedition, trying to climb the Denali despite the lack of climbing experience. The group spent about three months on the mountain. Their peak climbing day includes carrying a bag of donuts, a hot chocolate flask, and a 14 foot (4.2 m) pine pole. Two of them reach the North Peak, which is lower than the two, and erect a pole near the top. According to the group, the time they took to reach the summit was a total of 18 hours. Until the first ascent in 1913, their claims were undoubtedly partly due to false claims that they had climbed both peaks.
In 1912, the Parker-Browne expedition nearly peaked, turning in just a few hundred meters due to the harsh weather. The day after they descended, the Great Earthquake of 1912 destroyed the glacier they had climbed.
The first ascent of the main peak of Denali occurred on June 7, 1913 by a party led by Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens. The first person to reach the summit was Walter Harper, a native of Alaska. Robert Tatum also makes a peak. Using the contemporary name of the mountain, Tatum later commented, "The view from the top of Mount McKinley is like looking out the Heaven's window!" They boarded the Muldrow Glacier route pioneered by previous expeditions, which are still often climbed today. Trapped is confirmed, through binoculars, the presence of a large pole near the North Summit; this report confirms the Sourdough ascent, and today it is widely believed that Sourdough succeeded at the North Summit. However, the pole was never seen before or since, so there is still doubt. Stuck also found that the Parker-Browne party was only about 200 feet (61 m) from a height less than the actual peak when they returned.
This mountain is regularly climbed today. In 2003, about 58% of climbers reached the peak. But in 2003, the mountain has claimed the lives of nearly 100 mountaineers from time to time. Most climbers use the West Buttress route, pioneered in 1951 by Bradford Washburn, after extensive aerial photography of the mountain. Climbers usually take two to four weeks to climb Denali. This is one of the Seven Peaks; summarizes everything is a challenge for mountaineers.
Timeline Edit
- 1896-1902: Survey by Robert Muldrow, George Eldridge, Alfred Brooks. 1913: The first ascent, by Hudson Stuck, Harry Karstens, Walter Harper, and Robert Tatum via Muldrow Glacier route.
- 1932: The second ascent, by Alfred Lindley, Harry Liek, Grant Pearson, Erling Strom. (Both peaks rise.)
- 1947: Barbara Washburn becomes the first woman to reach the summit while her husband, Bradford Washburn, became the first person to reach the top twice. 1951: The first ascent of the West Buttress Route, led by Bradford Washburn.
- 1954: First ascent of a very long South Buttress Route by George Argus, Elton Thayer (dead on down), Morton Wood, and Les Viereck. The worsening conditions behind the team prompted them to make the first Denali trajectory. The Great Traleika Cirque, where they camped just below the summit, renamed the Thayer Basin, in honor of the fallen climber.
- 1954 (May 27) The first ascent of Northwest Buttress to the North by Fred Beckey, Donald McLean, Charles Wilson, Henry Meybohm and Bill Hackett
- 1959: The First Ascent of the West Rib, now a popular and slightly technical route to the summit.
- 1961: The first ascent of Ridge Cassin, named Riccardo Cassin and the most famous technical route on the mountain. The first climbing team members are: Riccardo Cassin, Luigi Airoldi, Luigi Alippi, Giancarlo Canali, Romano Perego, and Annibale Zucchi.
- 1963: A team of six climbers (W. Blesser, P. Lev, R. Newcomb, A. Read, J. Williamson, F. Wright) made the first ascent of the East Buttress. The summit was reached through Thayer Basin and Karstens Ridge. See AAJ 1964.
- 1963: Two teams make the first ascent of two different routes on Wickersham Walls. 1967: First winter ascent, via West Buttress, by Dave Johnston, Art Davidson, and Ray Genet. 1967: Seven members of the expedition of twelve Joe Wilcox were killed, while stranded for ten days near the summit, in what has been described as the worst storm on record. Until then, this is the third worst disaster in mountain history in terms of lost life. Before July 1967 only four people ever perished in Denali.
- 1970: The first solo climb by Naomi Uemura.
- 1970: The first ascent by a team of all women, led by Grace Hoeman and renowned high-altitude mountaineer Arlene Blum, along with Margaret Clark, Margaret Young, Faye Kerr and Dana Smith Isherwood. 1972: The first descendant of skiing on the southwest side, by Sylvain Saudan, "Skier of the Impossible".
- 1976: Cassin Ridge's first solo climb by Charlie Porter, ascent "precedes the time". 1979: The first ascent of the team of dogs that Susan Butcher, Ray Genet, Brian Okonek, Joe Redington, Sr., and Robert Stapleton have achieved.
- 1984: Uemura returns to make the first winter solo ascent, but dies after summitting. Tono Kri? O, Franti? Ek Korl and Bla? Ej Adam of the Slovakian Climbing Association climbed a very direct route to the summit, now known as the Slovak Route, on the south side of the mountain, to the right of Ridge Cassin.
- 1988: The first successful winter solo ascent. Vern Tejas climbed West Buttress alone in February and March, successfully concluded, and demoted.
- 1997: The first ascent to ride the West Fork from Traleika Glacier to Karstens Ridge under the Browne Tower. The line is named "Butte Direct" by two climbers Jim Wilson and Jim Blow.
- 2015: On June 24, a survey team led by Blaine Horner placed two global position recipients at the top to determine the exact position and height of the summit. Peak depth of snow was measured at 15 ft (4.6 m). The National Geodetic Survey of the United States then sets the peak height to 20,310 feet (6,190 meters).
Weather station Edit
Japan Alpine Club installed a meteorological station on a ridge near the summit of Denali at an altitude of 18,733 feet (5,710 m) in 1990. In 1998, the weather station was donated to the International Arctic Research Center at Alaska University Fairbanks. In June 2002, the weather station was stationed at 19,000 feet (5,800 m) level. This weather station is designed to transmit data in real-time for use by climbing communities and the science community. Since its inception, the annual upgrades to the equipment have been done with custom instrumentation built for extreme weather conditions and altitude. This weather station is the third highest weather station in the world.
The weather station recorded a temperature of -75.5  ° F (-59.7  ° C) on December 1, 2003. On the previous day of November 30, 2003, the temperature was -74.4  ° F (-59.1  ° Ã,  ° C) combined with wind speeds of 18.4 miles per hour (29.6 km/h) to produce North American wind records -118.1Ã,  ° F (-83,4Ã, C).
Even in July, this weather station has recorded temperatures as low as -22.9 ° F (-30.5 ° C) and windchill as low as -59.2 ° F (-50.7 ° C).
Historical record Edit
This mountain is characterized by very cold weather. Temperatures as low as -75.5 Â ° F (-59.7 Â ° C) and cold winds as low as -118.1 Â ° F (-83.4 ° C) have been recorded by automatic weather stations located at 18,733 feet ( 5,700 m). According to the National Park Service, in 1932, Liek-Lindley's expedition found a minimum thermometer of self-recording left behind near the Browne Tower, about 15,000 feet (4,600 m), in Denali by the Stuck-Karstens party in 1913. The calibrated spirit thermometer of the 95th ° F (-71 Â ° C), and the lowest temperature recorded below that point. Harry J. Lek takes the thermometer back to Washington, D.C. where he was tested by the United States Weather Bureau and proved accurate. The lowest recorded temperature was found to be around -100 ° F (-73 ° C). Another thermometer was placed at the level of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) by the US Army Natick Laboratory, and there from 1950 to 1969. The coldest temperature recorded during that period was also -100 Â ° F (-73 Â ° C).
Subpeaks and nearby mountains Edit
In addition to the above mentioned North Summit, other features on the massif that are sometimes included as separate peaks are:
- Buttress South, 15,885 feet (4,842 m); stands out: 335 feet (102 m)
- The peak of East Buttress, 14,730 feet (4,490 m); stands out: 380 feet (120 m)
- East Buttress, the most prominent point of topography, 14,650 feet (4,470 m); stands out: 600 feet (180 m)
- Tower Browne, 14,530 feet (4,430 m); stands out: 75 feet (23 m)
The nearest peak includes:
- Mount Foraker
- Install Silverthrone
- Hunter Mountain
- Mount Huntington
- Install Dickey
- Moose Teeth
Taxonomy taxonomy Edit
- denaliensis
- Ceratozetella denaliensis (formerly Cyrtozetes denaliensis Behan-Pelletier, 1985 ) is a species of mite mites in the family Mycobatidae sv: Ceratozetella denaliensis
- Magaliavipes denaliensis Fiorillo et al., 2011 (literally "bird with big legs found in Denali") is Magnoavipes ichnospecies of bird trail from the Upper Cretaceous of Alaska and the big crane (larger than crane sandhill) with three toes and foot pads. pt: Magnoavipes denaliensis
- denali
- Cosberella denali ( Fjellberg, 1985 ) is springtail. sv: Cosberella denali
- Proclossiana aphirape denali Klots, 1940 is a butterfly species Boloria of the subfamily of Heliconiinae Nymphalidae.
- Symphecta denali ( Alexander, 1955 ) is a flying heron species within the Limoniidae family. sv: Symphecta denali
- The little tipula
Alexander, 1969 is a flying crane species within the Tipulidae family. sv: Tipula denali
- denalii
- Erigeron denalii A. Nelson, 1945 or Denali fleabane is a species fleabane Erigeron .
- Papaver denalii Gjaerevoll 1963 is a species and synver Papaver . from Papaver mcconnellii
- mckinleyensis or mackinleyensis
- Erebia mackinleyensis ( Gunder, 1932 ) or Mt. McKinley alpine is a butterfly species of the subfamily of Satyrinae Nymphalidae.
- Oeneis mackinleyensis Dos Passos 1965 or Oeneis mckinleyensis Dos Passos 1949 is a butterfly species of the Satyrina subfamily Nymphalidae (sync of Oeneis boring )
- Uredo mckinleyensis Cummins 1952 or Uredo mackinleyensis Cummins 1952 is a species of rust fungus.
See also Edit
- List of mountain peaks in North America
- List of mountain peaks in the United States
- Alaska mountain peak list
- List of mountain peaks in the United States
- List of U.S. states by height
- List of the highest peaks in the United States
- List of the most prominent peaks in the United States
- List of the most isolated summits in the United States
References Edit
Bibliography Edit
External links Edit
- Mt. McKinley Weather Station
- Denali in SummitPost
- Denali climbing timeline, National Park Service Archived July 16, 2007, at WebCite
- Denali (Mount McKinley) climbing in Project Gutenberg
- Mount Mckinley Quadrangle Publications, Alaska Geology & amp; Geophysical Survey
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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