Lighting or illumination is the use of intentional light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and lights, as well as natural lighting by capturing sunlight. Sunlight (using windows, skylights, or lamp shelves) is sometimes used as a primary light source during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place using artificial lighting, which is a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can improve task performance, improve the look of an area, or have a positive psychological effect on the occupants.
Indoor lighting is usually achieved by using a lamp, and is an important part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of a landscape project.
Video Lighting
Histori
With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate a region is a fire or torch. In the early 400,000 BC, the fire was lit in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people use primitive oil lamps to illuminate the surroundings. These lamps are made of natural materials such as stones, shells, horns and stones, filled with oil, and have fiber axis. Lamps are usually used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lights (hollow rocks) have been found in Lascaux caves in modern-day France, some 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) are also used as lights after being tied with axes. Fireflies have been used as a source of lighting. Candles and glass and pottery lamps are also found. Chandelier is the earliest form of "light".
A large decrease in the cost of lighting occurs with the discovery of whale oil. The use of whale oil declined after Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, the first refined kerosene in the 1840s, allowed a brighter light to be produced at a much lower cost. In the 1850s, whale oil prices increased dramatically (more than doubled from 1848 to 1856) due to the shortage of whales available, accelerating the decline of whale oil. In 1860, there were 33 kerosene factories in the United States, and Americans spent more on gas and kerosene than whale oil. The last death knell for whale oil was in 1859, when crude oil was discovered and the petroleum industry emerged.
Gas lighting is quite economical to turn on streetlights in major cities beginning in the early 1800s, and is also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of the rich. The gas coat increases the luminosity of utility lighting and kerosene lanterns. The subsequent major price reductions occurred in the 1880s with the introduction of electric lighting in the form of bow lights for large spaces and street lighting followed by utility-based incandescent lighting for indoor and outdoor lighting.
Over time, electric lighting became common in developed countries. The segmented sleep pattern disappears, better nighttime lighting makes activities more likely at night, and more streetlights reduce urban crime.
Maps Lighting
Schedule
The lighting fixtures come in a variety of styles for various functions. The most important function is as a holder for the light source, to provide a directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very simple and functional, while some are works of art in themselves. Almost any material can be used, provided it can tolerate excess heat and conforms to the safety code.
An important property of the lamp is the luminous efficiency or wall-plug efficiency, which means the amount of light that can be used radiates from equipment per energy used, usually measured in lumens per watt. Equipment that uses a replaceable light source also has the efficiency cited as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" around it. The more transparent lighting fixtures, the higher the properties. Shading of light will usually decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and probability of visual comfort.
The color temperature for the white light source also affects its use for certain applications. The color temperature of the white light source is the temperature in the kelvin of the theoretical black body emitter that best matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. Incandescent light bulbs have a color temperature of about 2800 to 3000 kelvins; during the day about 6400 kelvin. Lower color temperature lights have more energy in the yellow and red parts of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures match lights with more than a blue-and-white appearance. For a critical examination or color matching task, or for food and clothing retail displays, light color temperature will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.
Type
Lighting is classified by the intended use as general lighting, accent, or task, depending on the distribution of light generated by the equipment.
- Task lighting works mainly and is usually most concentrated, for purposes such as reading or checking material. For example, reading a low-quality reproduction may require a task lighting level of up to 1500 lux (150 footcandles), and some inspection or surgical procedures require a higher level.
- Accent lighting is primarily decorative, intended to highlight images, plants, or other interior design elements or landscapes.
- General lighting (sometimes referred to as ambient light) fills between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area. Inside the room, this would be the base lamp on the table or floor, or the fixtures on the ceiling. Outdoors, the general lighting for the parking lot may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 footcandles) because pedestrians and riders who are accustomed to darkness will need less light to cross the area.
Method
- Down lighting is the most common, with lights on or hidden in the ceiling of light down. It tends to be the most widely used method, used both at the office and at home. Although it is easy to design it has a dramatic problem with glare and excessive energy consumption due to the large number of fittings. The introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved this by around. 90% when compared with halogen lamps or spotlights. LED or lamp lights are now available to fit retro in place of high energy consumption lamps.
- Uplighting is less common, often used to reflect indirect light from the ceiling and back down. These are generally used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform general illumination levels. Uplighting uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in space and can minimize debilitating glare on computer displays and other dark glossy surfaces. This provides a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation. However, indirect lighting is entirely dependent on the surface reflectance value. While indirect lighting can create the effects of free light spreading and the shadow can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting principle.
- Front lighting is also quite common, but it tends to make the subject look flat because its casts are barely visible shadows. Side lighting is less common, as it tends to produce glare near the eyes. Backlight around or through objects especially for accents.
Shape of lighting
Indoor lighting
The form of lighting includes the lighting of the niche, which like most other lighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at World Fair 1939) or light rope, sometimes with fluorescent lights, and more recently with LED strip lights. This is a form of backlighting.
Soffit or close to wall lighting can be common or decorative wall decoration, sometimes used to carry texture (such as plaster or plaster) on the wall, although this can also show the defects as well. The effect depends on the type of lighting source used.
Hidden lighting (often called "pot lamps" in Canada, "can be lit" or "high hat" in the US) is very popular, with fixtures fitted into the ceiling structure so it looks to flush with it. This downlight can use narrow strobe lights, or wider angular spotlights, both are lights that have their own reflectors. There are also downlight lamps with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' bulbs (bulbs) that are generally cheaper than a reflector lamp. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high-intensity discharge) or LED.
Track lights, created by Lightolier, are popular at one time period because it is much easier to install than the hidden lighting, and decorative individual fixtures and can be easily directed to the wall. It has regained some of its recent popularity in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they have no security problems that have a line-line system, and are therefore less bulky and more inlaid within them. A primary transformer feeds all the equipment on a trajectory or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of any lamp that has a voltage transformer from path to voltage. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging gear. A modified version of this is the lighting of the cable, where the lamp is hung or clipped to a metal cable under pressure.
A candlestick is a fixture mounted on a wall, especially one that shines and sometimes goes down as well. TorchÃÆ'¨re is a floodlight intended for ambient lighting. Usually a floor lamp but may be mounted on the wall like a candle holder. Other interior lighting fixtures include chandeliers, chandeliers, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lights
Portable lights or desks may be the most common fixtures, found in many homes and offices. Standard lamps and shade on the table are general lighting, while desk lamps are considered task lighting. The Magnifier light is also a task illumination.
The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but was not liked after the 1980s. It uses a suspended hanging panel like a suspended ceiling under a fluorescent lamp, and is considered a general illumination. Other forms include neon, which is usually not meant to illuminate anything else, but to actually be the work of art itself. It may fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it can be considered general lighting.
In theaters, the steps in the hallway are usually marked by a row of small lights for comfort and safety, when the movie has started and other lights off. Traditionally composed of low-watt low, low-voltage lights on the tracks or translucent tubes, these are quickly replaced with LED-based versions.
Outdoor lighting
Street lights are used to illuminate roads and walkways at night. Some manufacturers design LED lights and photovoltaic luminaires to provide energy-efficient alternatives to traditional streetlights.
Spotlight can be used to illuminate the work zone or outdoor playground during the curfew. The most common type of spotlight is metal halide lamps and high pressure sodium lamps.
The beacon light is positioned at a two-way intersection to aid navigation.
Sometimes security lighting can be used along highways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. This is a very bright light used to prevent evil. The security light may include a spotlight.
The entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and mark the entrance to the property. These lights are installed for security, security, and for decoration.
Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like.
Use of vehicle
Vehicles usually include headlights and taillights. White headlights or selective yellow lights are placed on the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the way to come and make the vehicle more visible. Many manufacturers turn to LED headlamps as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. The tail and brake lights are red and emit light backwards so as to reveal the direction of the vehicle's journey to the following drivers. The inverting lights facing the white back indicate that the vehicle transmission has been placed in reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or will do so. The blinking turn signal at the front, sides, and rear of the vehicle indicates the desired change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began using electroluminescent technology to reboot their car's speedometer and other measuring devices or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.
Lights
Generally called a 'light bulb', a lamp is a removable part and replaced from a lamp, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lights have traditionally been valued and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, the proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has removed the wattage correspondence by the amount of light produced. For example, an incandescent 60W incandescent light generates the same amount of light as a compact 13W fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a distinct effectiveness in converting electrical energy into visible light. The visible light output is usually measured in lumens. This unit measures only visible radiation, and does not include invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces at a sequence near 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes about 700 lumens, and a 15 watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by a special design. Ranking and marketing emphasis shift away from watts and toward lumen output, to provide basic buyers who can immediately apply to select lights.
Lamp types include:
- Ballast: The ballast is an additional piece of equipment designed to start and control the power flow appropriately to drain light sources such as fluorescent lamps and high intensity (HID) lamps. Some lamps require the ballast to have thermal protection.
- Fluorescent light: A tube coated with phosphorus containing low-pressure mercury vapor that produces white light.
- Halogen: Incandescent bulb containing halogen gas such as iodine or bromine, improves the efficacy of the lamp compared to regular incandescent bulbs.
- Neon: The low pressure gas contained in the glass tube; the emitted color depends on the gas.
- The light-emitting diode: The light-emitting diode (LED) is a solid state device that emits light thanks to the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material.
- Compact fluorescent lighting: CFLs are designed to replace incandescent lights in existing and new installations.
Design and architecture
Architectural lighting design
The lighting design applicable to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. The lighting of the structure takes into account the aesthetic elements as well as the practical considerations of the quantity of light required, the occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of sunlight received in the internal space by using Daylight calculation factor. For simple installation, hand calculations based on tabular data are used to provide acceptable lighting design. More important or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on computers using software such as Radiance that can enable Architects to perform complex calculations quickly to review the benefits of a particular design.
In some design examples, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect of lt; for example, dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and dimmer than it is, while light paint does the opposite. In addition to painting, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.
Photometric study
Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layout" or "point by point") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This allows architects, designers, and engineers to determine the configuration of lighting fixtures that will produce the required amount of light. Another parameter that can be determined is the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases, this study is referred to the recommended practice of IESNA or CIBSE for this type of application. Depending on the type of building, client, or safety requirements, different design aspects can be emphasized for safety or practicality. Special software is often used to create this, which usually combines the use of two-dimensional CAD drawing and lighting calculation software (ie AGi32, Visual, Dialux).
On stage and set
Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in live theater, dance, or music performances, and is selected and organized to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses common illumination technologies on devices configured for easy adjustment of output characteristics. The stage lighting setting is adjusted for each scene of each production. Dimmers, color filters, reflectors, lenses, manual or manual-directed lights, and various types of floods and spotlights are among the tools used by stage lighting designers to produce the desired effect. A set of lighting cues is set up so that the lighting operator can control the lamp according to its performance; Complex theater lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.
Motion pictures and television production use many of the same tools and stage lighting methods. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high levels of light are required and the heat generated by the lighting equipment poses great challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.
Measurement
The measurement of light or photometry generally corresponds to the amount of beneficial light falling on the surface and the amount of light emerging from the lamp or other source, along with the colors that this light can provide. The human eye responds differently to the light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore the photometric measurement must take into account the luminosity function when measuring the amount of light useful. The basic SI measurement unit is the candela (cd), which describes the light intensity, all other photometric units derived from the candela. Luminance for example is a measure of light intensity density in a particular direction. This explains the amount of light that passes or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within the given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square meter (cd/m 2 ). The CGS lumine unit is a stilb, equal to one candela per square centimeter or 10 kcd/m 2 . The amount of useful light emitted from the source or luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).
The SI unit of illumination and radiant beam, as a luminous force per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of intensity, as perceived by the human eye, the light that goes over or over the surface. This is analogous to the radiometric unit of watts per square meter, but with the strength at each weighted wavelength according to the luminosity function, a standard model of perception of human visual brightness. In English, "lux" is used in singular and plural forms.
Several measurement methods have been developed to control the glare generated from indoor lighting designs. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), Visual Comfort Probability, and Daylight Glare Index are some of the most popular measurement methods. In addition to this new method, four major factors affect the degree of glare discomfort; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background lighting, and the position of the glare source in the field of view should all be taken into account.
Color properties
To determine the color properties of light sources, the lighting industry relies mainly on two metrics, the correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as a "warmth" or "coolness" indication of the light emitted by the source, and color rendering index (CRI), indication the ability of the light source to make the object look natural.
However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, face increasing challenges and criticisms as new types of light sources, especially light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are becoming more common in the market.
For example, to meet expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using established CRIs along with other metrics called the gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of the color of objects illuminated by the light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the saturation or clarity of the object's color. As a result, light sources that balance CRI and GAI are generally preferred over those that only have high CRI or only high GAI.
Brightness
The general measurement of light has been using the Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure the exposure of a person or object to something in the environment, such as a light dosimeter and an ultraviolet dosimeter.
To specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, a private circadian light meter called Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device made to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, time, and duration) entering the eye that affects the clock of the human body.
A small tool mounted on the head measures the breaks and patterns of everyone's activity, as well as the exposure of short wavelengths that stimulate the circadian system. This device measures activity and light simultaneously at regular intervals of time and electronically stores and records its operating temperatures. The Daysimeter can collect data for up to 30 days for analysis.
Energy consumption
Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for building lighting:
- Specification of lighting requirements for each specific use area.
- Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse lighting components (eg, glare or wrong color spectrum) do not affect the design.
- Integration of spatial planning and interior architecture (including interior and geometry room choices) for lighting design.
- Design daily usage time that does not release unnecessary energy.
- Selection of fixtures and lamp types that reflect the best technology available for energy conservation.
- Training builders to use lighting equipment in the most efficient way.
- Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy wastage.
- Use of natural light
- Some large box stores are being built from 2006 with many plastic bubble skylights, in many cases completely eliminating the need for interior-made lighting for hours of the day.
- In countries where indoor lighting from simple dwellings is a significant cost, the "Moser Lights", a transparent drinking bottle of plastic water mounted on the roof, provides the equivalent of 40 to 60 watt incandescent bulbs per day.
- Cargo discharges can help reduce the power demanded by individuals to the main power supply. Cargo discharges can be done on an individual level, at the building level, or even at the regional level.
The lighting requirements specification is the basic concept for deciding how much lighting is required for a given task. Clearly, less light is needed to illuminate the aisle than is required for word processing stations. In general, the energy spent is proportional to the level of design illumination. For example, 400 lux lighting levels may be selected for work environments that involve conference rooms and conferences, while an 80 lux level can be selected to build the hallway. If the hallway standard only emulates the need for a conference room, then more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of today's lighting standards have been determined by industry groups that produce and sell lighting, so commercial biases exist historically in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.
Lighting control system
The lighting control system reduces energy usage and cost by helping provide light only when and where needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy controls, and photocell control (ie daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand responses and will automatically dim or turn off the lights to take advantage of utility incentives. The lighting control system is sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.
Many new control systems use wireless open-wireless standards (such as ZigBee), which provide benefits including easier installation (no need to run control cables) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (eg security).
In response to natural lighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to reduce energy consumption. This technology is very helpful, but they have its downfall. Over and over, frequent and frequent turns and turning of lights, especially during unstable weather conditions or when daytime rates change around the redirect illumination. Not only disrupt the occupants, it can also reduce the lamp life. Variations of this technology are photoelectric 'switching or dead-band' photoelectric controls that have some switching lighting from so as not to disturb as many occupants as possible.
Occupational sensors that allow operation for every time someone is in the scanned area can control lighting. When movement can no longer be detected, the light is turned off. Passive infrared sensors react to heat changes, such as patterns made by mobile people. The controls should have an unobstructed view of the area of ​​the building being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairs, etc. Will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best application for passive infrared placement sensors is open space with a clear view of the area being scanned. The ultrasonic sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing and monitors the time it takes for the sound waves to return. Breakthroughs in patterns caused by any movement in the area trigger control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around the barrier and are best for areas with cabinets and shelves, toilets, and open areas that require 360 ​​degree coverage. Some residential sensors utilize passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.
Solid-state lighting
In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient which leads to tremendous improvements in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the emission of LED light can be performed most effectively using nonimaging optical principles.
Health effects
It is important to provide the right light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy can not only be wasted but excessive lighting can cause adverse health and psychological effects.
Beyond the energy factor under consideration, it is important not to over-design the lighting, not to the detrimental health effects such as the frequency of headaches, stress, and increased blood pressure induced by higher levels of illumination. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.
The lighting quality analysis especially emphasizes the use of natural lighting, but also considers the spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will more rely on natural light to reduce energy consumption, but will have a positive impact on human health and performance. The new study shows that student performance is affected by the time and duration of the day in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right kind of light at the right time for the right duration can improve student performance and wellbeing. Similarly, designing a lighting system that maximizes the right amount of light at the right time for the parent can help alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's. The human circadian system is fixed on a 24-hour dark-light pattern that mimics the natural pattern of light/dark earth. When the patterns are disturbed, they interfere with the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disorders can cause many health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other illnesses.
A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to a viewing room at a natural landscape. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowed much natural light to have a shorter postoperative hospital stay, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurse records, and took fewer potent analgesics from 23 suitable patients in the room the same as the window facing the brick wall. This study shows that because of the nature of the scenery and daytime exposure is indeed healthier for the patients than those who are exposed to a little light from the brick walls. In addition to improved work performance, the proper use of windows and natural light across boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.
Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo from Northwestern University conducted a series of studies that analyzed the correlations between lighting and human emotions. The researchers asked participants to assess some things like: spicy chicken sauce, aggressive fictitious characters, how interesting a person, their feelings about certain words, and the taste of two juices-all under different lighting. condition. In their research, they found that positive and negative human emotions were felt more intense in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days people who are prone to depression actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light made people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations more easily. In the dark, the emotions are a bit depressed. However, emotions are intensified in bright light.
Environmental issues
Compact fluorescent lighting
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use less power than incandescent lamps to supply the same amount of light, but they contain mercury which is a danger of disposal. Due to the ability to reduce electricity consumption, many organizations encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free of charge to customers as a means to reduce electricity demand. For the given light output, CFLs use between one-fifth and a quarter of the power of the incandescent bulb. Unlike CFL incandescent lights require less time to warm up and achieve full brightness. Not all CFLs are suitable for dimming.
LED light
LED lighting has been recommended as the best and newest environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lights only use 10% power compared to standard incandescent lamps, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and 70% energy-efficient halogen lamps. The lifespan is also longer - up to 50,000 hours. The downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than the compact fluorescent lamp. Recent findings about increasing the use of blue-and-white LEDs may be a policy error. Broad adoption of LEDs will reap energy savings but energy savings can harm human health and ecosystems. The American Medical Association warns against the use of high-colored blue LEDs on street lighting, due to its higher impact on human health and the environment, compared to low-light blue color sources (eg High Pressure Sodium, amber PC LEDs and low CCT LEDs).
Light pollution
Light pollution is a growing problem as a reaction to the excess light released by many signs, houses, and buildings. Light polluting is often a waste of light that involves unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as excessive or disturbing artificial light where it is not desired. Well-designed lighting sends light only when needed without passing it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise security. For example, glare creates security issues around buildings by causing sharp shadows, blindingly tempting people who make them vulnerable to potential attackers. The ecological effects of artificial light have been documented. The World Health Organization in 2007 issued a report noting the effects of bright light on flora and fauna, sea turtle hatching, frogs during the breeding season and bird migration patterns. The American Medical Association in 2012 issued a warning that exposure to extended light at night increases the risk of some cancers. Two studies in Israel from 2008 have yielded some additional findings about the possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers.
Professional organization
International
The International Commission on Enlightenment (CIE) is an international authority and an organization that defines standards regarding color and lighting. Publish widely used standard metrics such as CIE color range space and color rendering index.
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), along with organizations such as ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guides, standards, and handbooks that enable the categorization of lighting needs from different built environment. Lighting equipment manufacturers publish photometric data for their products, which define the distribution of light emitted by certain luminaires. This data is usually expressed in the standard form specified by IESNA.
The International Lighting Designers Association (IALD) is an organization that focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Independent designers who qualify for professional membership in the association usually add the IALD abbreviation to their name.
The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organization focused on the promotion of the Architectural Lighting Design profession. They publish monthly bulletins and organize events around the world.
The National Council on Qualification for the Lighting Profession (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Exam that tests the principles of ill-fated lighting design. Individuals who pass this exam become 'Certified Lighting' and may add the LC abbreviation to their name. The certification process is one of three national (US) checks (the other is CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting and open industry not only for designers, but for lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trading organization that represents 500 individuals and company members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage lighting and entertainment, sounds, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby and represent industry interests at various levels, interact with government and regulatory agencies and present cases for the entertainment industry. Examples of subjects of this representation include continuous radio frequency reviews (which may or may not affect the radio band where wireless microphones and other devices are used) and engage with issues surrounding the introduction of RoHS regulations (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive).
National
- Association de Concepteurs Eclairage (ACE) in France.
- Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) in the United States.
- American Lighting Association (ALA) in the United States.
- Associazione Professionisti dell'Illuminazione (APIL) in Italy.
- The Hellenic Illumination Committee (HIC) in Greece.
- Indian Lighting Engineering Association (ISLE)
- Lighting Engineers Institution (ILE) in UK.
- Schweizerische Licht Gesellschaft (SLG) in Switzerland.
- The Light and Lighting Society (SLL), part of the UK Building Construction Services Agency.
- United Scenic Artists Local 829 (USA829), membership for Lighting Designers as a category, with Landscape Designers, Projection Designers, Costume Designers and Sound Designers, in the United States
See also
Inventor
- Joseph Swan, filamentary carbonized filament lamp
- Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin, incandescent carbon-rod filament lamp
- Thomas Edison, a durable incandescent lamp with high-strength filaments
- John Richardson Wigham, the lighthouse engineer
List
- List of environmental health hazards
- List of light sources
- Lighting technology timeline
References
Source
External links
- Illuminate the Community Society of North America's official website
- ENLIGHTER.ORG Online Lighting Design magazine
- IESNA Advanced Illumination Guide
- Lighting Research Center @ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Shedding Light on Home Lighting Used by Lyle Tribwell (Online Home Energy magazine)
- Information Research at Sheffield University
- Information Technology and Research; an internationally reviewed review journal
- Light and Light Society
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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