multistorey car park (British English) or parking garage (US English; also called multistorey , parkade Canada), parking structure , street parking , parking lot , parking deck or indoor parking ) is a building designed to park the car and where there are a number of floors or levels of parking space going on. This is basically an indoor covered parking lot. Parking structure can be heated if closed.
The design of parking structures can add substantial costs to new development planning, and can be mandated by cities or states in new parking requirements. Some cities like London have removed the minimum parking requirements previously.
Video Multistorey car park
Histori
The earliest known storey car park opened in May 1901 by City & amp; Suburban Railway Company in 6 Denman Street, central London. The location has room for 100 vehicles over seven floors, totaling 19,000 square feet. The same company opened its second location in 1902 to 230 vehicles. The company specializes in the sale, storage, valeting and on-demand delivery of electric vehicles that can travel about 40 miles and have a top speed of 20 miles per hour.
The earliest known storey car park in the United States was built in 1918 for the La Salle Hotel at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of ​​downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche. Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remains as it has been designated as the initial landmark status and its structure a few blocks from the hotel. It was destroyed in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago. A 49-storey apartment tower, 215 West, has taken its place, also featuring a multi-tiered parking garage.
Maps Multistorey car park
Design
The movement of inter-floor vehicles can be affected by:
- interior ramp - the most common type
- exterior ramps - which can take the form of a circular path (colloquially known as 'whirley-show' in America)
- vehicle lift - the most common
- automatic robot system - combination of ramp and elevator
Where a car park is built on sloping ground, it may be level-split or have a sloping parking area.
A lot of car parking is an independent building dedicated exclusively to that use. Design expenses for car parking are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 psf), leading to a 55-60 feet long floor span allowing cars to park on rows without supporting columns in between. The most common structural system in the United States for this structure is concrete prestressed concrete floor system or concrete flooring system in post-holder sites.
Recently, car parks were built to serve housing and some business properties have been built as part of larger buildings, often underground as part of the basement, as in the redevelopment of Atlantic Station in Atlanta. This saves the land for other uses (compared to parking lots), is cheaper and more practical in many cases than separate structures, and is hidden from view. It protects customers and their cars from the weather such as rain, snow, or summer sun that bring the interior temperature of the vehicle to a very high level. The two-tier underground parking was considered an innovative concept in 1964, when developer Louis Lesser developed a two-storey underground parking structure beneath six 10-storey residential buildings in California State University, Los Angeles, which has no room for horizontal expansion at the university an area of ​​176 acres (0.71 km 2 ). A simple two-story parking structure was considered quite unusual in 1964 where a separate section of the newspaper entitled "Underground Parking" described the garage as an innovative "concept" and as a "crypt". In Toronto, there are 2,400 parking spaces under Nathan Phillips Square is one of the largest in the world.
The car park serving the shopping center can be built adjacent to the center for easier access on every floor between shops and parking. One example is the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, which has two large car parks attached to the building, on the eastern and western ends. The general position for car parks in UK shopping centers is on the roof, around various utility systems, allowing customers to carry lifts directly to the center. Examples are The Oracle at Reading and Festival Place in Basingstoke.
These garages often have a low ceiling looseness, which limits access by full-size vans and other large vehicles. On December 15, 2013, a man was killed in a robbery in a garage at The Mall at Short Hills in Millburn, New Jersey. The ambulance that responded to the shooting was delayed because it was too big to enter the garage.
In the United States, the fee for a multi-storey parking structure is estimated to cost between $ 25,000 per space, with underground parking costing approximately $ 35,000 per space.
Structural integrity
Parking structures are subjected to heavy loads and are shifted from moving vehicles, and must bear the associated physical stress. Expansion joints are used between sections not only for thermal expansion but to accommodate flexing of parts of the structure due to vehicular traffic. Seismic retrofit can be applied where earthquakes are a problem.
Some parking structures collapse in part, either during construction or years later. In July 2009, the fourth floor failed at the Centergy building in downtown Atlanta, sucking and destroying more than 30 vehicles but not hurting anyone. In December 2007, a car hit a deck wall at SouthPark Mall in Charlotte, North Carolina, weakening it and causing a small collapse that destroyed two cars underneath. On the same day, one that was being built in Jacksonville, Florida collapsed when the concrete was poured onto the sixth floor. In November 2008, the sudden destruction of mid-level from the deck in Montreal was preceded by warning signs several weeks earlier, including cracks and water leaks. Parking structures are generally not subject to inspection of buildings after being inspected for their initial residential permits.
In October 2012, four people were killed and nine others injured when the parking structure under construction at the Miami-Dade College campus in Florida collapsed, purportedly due to unfinished columns.
Pre-printed parking structures
With the growth of multi-storey parking lots since the mid-20th century, many of the structural constructions have used precast concrete to reduce construction time. Design involves placing a section of shared parking structures. Precast concrete sections include multilevel structural wall panels, interior and exterior columns, structural flooring, beam gears, wall panels, stairs and sheets. The precast concrete portion is transported using a flatbed semi trailer to the location. The structural floor modules may need to be placed sloped during transport to cover large areas of the floor as possible while they can be easily transported on the highway. These modules are lifted using a precast concrete lifting system at the assembly site. Decorations may include the use of blankets to cover holes in precast concrete containing anchor lifter, and installing the facade to the outside of the structure.
In the modern construction of precast modules, there are other features to enhance the strength of the structure. An example is to use a prestressed string on a post-voltage concrete for sliding wall construction. Another example is the use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers to replace steel wire mesh to relieve the load and produce more corrosion resistance especially for cold climates that use salt to melt snow.
Architecture value
This structure is usually not known for its architectural value. Like Record Architecture have noted, "In the Pantheon Type Building, the parking garage is hiding somewhere around the jail and the toll plaza." The New York Times has labeled the parking structure as "a grim American architectural design".
A number of parking garages have received much praise for their design, including
- 1111 Lincoln Road, in the South Beach section of Miami Beach, Florida and designed by the internationally renowned Swiss architectural firm of Herzog & amp; de Meuron.
- Brutalist Preston bus station in the United Kingdom, which incorporates a multi-storey car park
Nomenclature
The term multistorey car park (often abbreviated multistorey or multilevel ) is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and many countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, and currently most often spelled without hyphens. In the western United States, the term parking structure is used, especially when it is necessary to distinguish such structures from "garages" connected to the home. In some places in North America, "parking garage" refers only to indoor structures, often underground. The multi-level outdoor parking facility is called a number of regional terms:
- Parking garage is used, to varying degrees, throughout the US and Canada and often refers to underground parking, and professionally by civil engineers;
- Parking deck is used mostly in the Southern States.
- Street parking is used in the upper Midwest, mainly Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York.
- Parkade is widely used in Western Canada and South Africa
- Parking buildings are used in New Zealand.
Civil architects and engineers in the US tend to call it the parking structure because their work is all about structure and because that term is a regional language in some western parts of the United States. When attached to high usage of other uses, it is sometimes called a parking podium . The United States building code uses the term open parking garage to refer to a structure designed for car storage that has an opening at least 40% of the perimeter, as opposed to a covered parking garage b> which requires mechanical ventilation. Natural or mechanical ventilation provides fresh airflow to disperse auto exhaust under normal conditions, or hot gas and smoke in case of fire.
Usually car park experts explain the number of car parking floors in terms of "G x". G stands for ground and x for the number of floors above ground. For example, G 5 is a multi-story multi-storey car park with a ground floor and 5 floors above it, which is a total of 6 floors.
Type of construction
- Concrete
- Steel structure
- Automatic (mechanical)
Steel structure
The structure of a car park is a parking lot made of structural steel components connected to each other to carry loads and provide full structural rigidity.
Steel is a high-strength material that requires less material than other structural types such as concrete and wood. Steel construction features:
- Cost savings: not expensive to produce and build, and require less maintenance than traditional building methods.
- Speed: Enables off-site construction/prefabricated with quick installation in place. Some suppliers claim construction within a few days.
- Durability: The supplier claimed 50 years of age.
- Attraction: The steel car parking structure can be designed to be removed at a later date.
- Enhancement: The steel car parking structure can be expanded easily later on.
- Creativity: Steel allows long span-free columns.
The ceiling plate from the car park of the steel structure is usually made of composite materials such as corrugated steel sheets and concrete. The first floor parking surface can be left blank or covered with epoxy or asphalt.
No grounding and modular
Demand, steel features, and innovation have led to the development of a steel car park structure without foundation, modular, and removable.
Demand for parking often grows rapidly, significantly and sometimes unexpectedly. Modular steel parking lots can be an appropriate solution if the available surface area is insufficient and can be expanded upward, or whenever it is not feasible to build a multi-storey car park. The development of the concept of modular car park building emerged by using vertical and horizontal element modular assembly methods (such as columns and beams). The modular car park structure is versatile and can be built in stages or in different sizes and shapes. The solution allows to develop a parking structure even in the case of certain conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or downtown, as it allows:
- To completely double the parking surface without leaving a trail on the ground, as there is no need for a solution for traditional excavations or foundations;
- To double the parking surface by using a lightweight single-deck car parking system.
- The modular prefab component of the system makes every project a versatile and suitable for large and small areas.
This parking structure can generally be disassembled and can be moved to avoid making the option of changing the surface to the parking area irrevocable. They can be used as permanent structures or conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand. A number of parking decks have been proclaimed after several years - to make room for the development of permanent structures - and are relocated in response to local parking demand.
Automatic parking
The earliest use of an automated parking system (APS) was in Paris in 1905 at Garage Rue de Ponthieu. The APS consists of an innovative multilevel concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport the car to the top level where the car parked officer. Article 1931 Popular Mechanics speculates the underground garage where the car was taken to the parking area by the conveyor and then the elevator to the plane mounted on the rail.
The total cost of ownership of automated car parking needs to be considered carefully.
The true cost of building automated car parks is usually higher than the conventional car parking structure, but this can be offset by the efficiency of automated parking spaces higher. The cost of the mechanical equipment needed to transport the car needs to be added to the cost of the building. In addition, operating costs and maintenance of mechanical equipment need to be added to determine the total cost of ownership. Other costs can be saved, for example, no energy intensive ventilation system is required, as cars are not pushed in and human checkout or security personnel may not be required. For a natural ventilated car parking structure, ventilation equipment is not required.
Automated car parks rely on similar technology used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in the entry module, and is then transported to the parking slot by the robot trolley. For the driver, the parking process is reduced to leaving the car inside the entry module.
At peak waiting period may occur before entering or leaving, as loading passengers and suitcases occur at the entrance and exit rather than in the parking lot. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. It is generally not recommended to use automated car parking for high-volume busy hours.
Additional factors to consider are:
- Fear of damage (How do users get cars back)
- A maintenance contract is required with the supplier
Other technologies
Modern parking lots utilize a variety of technologies to help motorists find empty parking lots, car locations when returning to vehicles and improving their experience. These include adaptive lighting, LED sensors and parking space spaces (red for occupancy, green for available and blue provided for the disabled above any parking spaces), indoor positioning systems (IPS), including QR codes, and mobile payment options. The Santa Monica Place shopping center in California has cameras in every kiosk that can help count the many occupancy and find the lost car.
Online ordering service providers have been created to help drivers find long-term parking automatically, while also providing significant savings for those who book prior parking spaces. They use real-time inventory management inspection technology to display parking space with availability, sorted by price and distance from the airport.
Education & amp; research
In October 2009, the National Building Museum opened an exhibit solely for the study of parking garages (multi-story parks) and their impact on the built environment. The exhibition, titled House of Cars: Innovation and Garage Parking , is on display until July 11, 2010.
See also
- Autostadt
- Automatic Stacker
- Automated parking system
- Automatic parking
- Automatic vehicle location
- Car parking system
- Condo car
- Parking instructions and information
- Parking space
- Trinity Square, Gateshead
References
External links
- "Unauthorized automatic compact car parking Patent RU 97419".
- Mary Beth Klatt (October 21, 2005). "Culture car". Online Preservation . National Trust for Historic Preservation. p.Ã, 1. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007 . Retrieved February 22 2007 . Ã,
- "Robotic Parking Garage: No Tip Needed"
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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