A grave or grave is the place where the remains of a dead person are buried or buried. The word grave (from the Greek ??????????? , "bed") implying that the ground was specifically designated as a burial ground and originally applied to the Roman underground catacombs. The term grave is often used interchangeably with graves, but the grave mainly refers to the burial ground within the church's yard.
The remains of a cremated or cremated person can be buried in a grave, usually called a cemetery, or in a grave, a "graveyard on the ground" (like a sarcophagus), a grave, a columbarium, a niche, or other building. In Western culture, funeral ceremonies are often observed in the cemetery. This ceremony or rite of passage differs according to cultural practices and religious beliefs. Modern graves often include crematoriums, and some of the reasons previously used for both, continue as crematoriums as the primary use long after the burial area is filled.
Video Cemetery
Histori
Palaeolithic
The Taforalt Cave in Morocco is the world's oldest tomb. It is a resting place of at least 34 Iberomaurusians, most of which date to 15,100 to 14,000 years ago.
Neolithic
Neolithic tombs are sometimes referred to as "graves". They are one of the main sources of information about ancient and prehistoric cultures, and many archaeological cultures are defined by their burial customs, such as the Urnfield culture of the European Bronze Age.
Early Christianity
From about the seventh century, the European cemetery was under the control of the Church and could only occur in consecrated churchland. Practices vary, but in continental Europe, corpses are usually buried in mass graves until they rot. The bones are then excavated and stored in an ossuary, along the grave wall, or in the church below the floor and behind the wall.
In most cultures, those who are very wealthy, have important professions, are part of the nobility or who have other high social status are usually buried in the dungeon of individuals within or under places of worship relevant to their name indication, date of death and other biographical data. In Europe it is often accompanied by their symbolic depictions.
Most of the others are buried in the cemetery again divided by social status. People who can afford to pay for masonry work have gravestones carved with names, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and are erected above the cemetery. Usually, the more writings and symbols carved on the tombstones, the more expensive they are. Like most other human properties such as homes and means of transportation, wealthy families used to compete for the artistic value of their family's gravestone compared to others around it, sometimes adding statues (like crying angels) at the top of the grave.
Those who can not pay for tombstones at all usually have a religious symbol made of wood at a burial place like a Christian cross; However, this will quickly deteriorate under rain or snow. Some families hire blacksmiths and have large crosses made of various metals placed at burial sites.
Modernity
Beginning in the early 19th century, burial of the dead in the grave began to be stopped, because of the rapid population growth in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, the continuing outbreak of infectious disease near the cemetery and the limited space in the cemetery for a new cemetery.. In many European countries, burial in the cemetery was eventually banned completely through government law.
Instead of the cemetery, a completely new cemetery was erected far from the densely populated area and outside the city center and the old town. Many new cemeteries belong to the city or run by their own companies, and are thus independent of their churches and churches.
In some cases, the skeleton was dug from the grave and transferred to an ossuary or catacomb. This type of big action took place in 18th-century Paris when human bodies were moved from cemetery across the city to the Catacombs of Paris. Bones of about 6 million people can be found there.
The earliest example of a landscape-style cemetery is the PÃÆ'¨re Lachaise in Paris. It embodies the idea of ​​state-controlled burial rather than controlled by the church, a concept that spread throughout the continent of Europe with Napoleon's invasion. This could include the opening of graves by private or joint stock companies. A shift to a city cemetery or set up by a private company is usually accompanied by the establishment of a beautiful cemetery outside the city (eg out of school).
In the UK, this movement is driven by people who disagree and public health issues. The Rosary cemetery in Norwich was opened in 1819 as a burial place for all religious backgrounds. A similar non-denominational cemetery was erected near industrial towns with an ever-increasing population, such as Manchester (1821) and Liverpool (1825). Each cemetery requires separate Parliamentary Laws for authorization, although the capital is raised through the formation of joint-stock companies.
In the first 50 years of the 19th century, the London population doubled from 1 million to 2.3 million. The small parish church gardens quickly became too crowded, and the shrinking material that infiltrated the water supply caused an epidemic. This problem became very acute after the cholera epidemic of 1831, which killed 52,000 people in Britain alone, putting unprecedented pressure on the country's funeral capacity. Concerns were also raised about the potential public health hazards arising from inhaling the gas resulting from human decay under the prevailing miasmic disease theory.
Slow legislative action came, but in 1832 the Parliament finally recognized the need for the establishment of a large city cemetery and encouraged their development outside London. The same bill also closed all church congregations in London to new deposits. The Magnificent Seven, the seven great graves around London, was founded in the next decade, beginning with Kensal Green in 1832.
The city planner and writer John Claudius Loudon was one of the first professional burial designers, and his book On Laying, Cultivation and Funeral Management (1843) was very influential on the designers and architects of the time. Loudon himself, designing three cemeteries - Abbey Bath Cemetery, Histon Street Cemetery, Cambridge, and Southampton's Old Cemetery.
The Metropolitan Funeral Act of 1852 establishes laws for the establishment of the nation's first state-funded government funeral system across the country, paving the way for a massive expansion of funeral facilities throughout the late 19th century.
Maps Cemetery
Type
There are a number of different grave styles used. Many graves have territories based on different styles, reflecting the diversity of cultural practices around death and how they change over time.
Urban
City cemetery is a burial ground located in the interior of a village, town, or city. The early city cemetery is a church yard, filled quickly and showcased placid burial placemarkings when the smart button tries to condense the new cemetery into the remaining space. When new burial grounds are set up in urban areas to be compensated, burial plots are often arranged in boxes to replace the chaotic look of the church yard. City funerals evolve over time into more beautiful forms as part of the development of trust and civil institutions that seek to portray the city as a civilized and harmonious city.
City cemetery is cleaner (safe place to throw away rotting corpses) than aesthetically pleasing. Bodies are usually buried in cloth, because the coffins, funeral vaults, and dungeons inhibit the decomposition process. However, the often-used city cemeteries are often very unhealthy. Receiving domes and basements often need to be broadcast before entering, because rotting corpses spend so much oxygen that even candles can not burn. The stench of rotting corpses, even when buried deep, is very strong in areas adjacent to the city's graves. The decomposition of the human body releases significant pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that can cause illness and disease, and many city graves are located without consideration for local groundwater. The modern cemetery in the city cemetery also releases toxic chemicals associated with embalming, such as arsenic, formaldehyde, and mercury. The casket and burial equipment can also release large amounts of toxic chemicals such as arsenic (used to preserve wood coffins) and formaldehyde (used in varnish and as sealant) and toxic metals such as copper, lead and zinc (from grip and coffin flanges). ).
City cemeteries rely heavily on the fact that the soft parts of the body will rot in about 25 years (though, in damp soil, decomposition may take up to 70 years). If space for new burials is needed, older bones can be dug and buried elsewhere (such as on an ossuary) to make room for new places. It's not uncommon in some places, like the UK, for more fresh corpses to be chopped to help decay, and for bones burned to make fertilizer. The reuse of cemeteries allows a steady stream of income, which allows the cemetery to remain well preserved and in good repair. Not all city cemeteries are involved in the reuse of the grave, and cultural taboos often prevent it. Many of the city's tombs have been damaged and become too big, because they have no funds to finance perpetual care. Many city cemeteries today are home to wildlife, birds and plants that can not be found elsewhere in urban areas, and many city cemeteries in the late 20th century are touted as environmental protection.
Many of the city's tombs are characterized by several cemeteries in the same cemetery. Some cemeteries are a consequence of the limited size of a city cemetery, which can not easily develop due to the construction of adjacent buildings. It was not unusual for a city cemetery to start adding land to the top of the cemetery, to create a new burial space. In some cases, the cemetery rises 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) above the surrounding street level, and heavy retaining walls are built to keep graves (and corpses) falling into the road.
Monumental
A monumental cemetery is a traditional style of grave where tombstones or other monuments made of marble, granite or similar materials rise vertically above the ground (usually about 50 cm but some can be over 2 meters). Often the entire tomb is covered by plates, generally concrete, but may be more expensive such as marble or granite, and/or have boundaries bounded by fences that can be made of concrete, cast iron or wood. Where some family members are buried together (either vertically or horizontally), the slab or border may include a number of graves. The monumental cemetery is often considered unsightly due to the random collection of monuments and tombstones it contains. Also, since the maintenance of tombstones is the responsibility of family members (in the absence of Perpetual Care and Perpetual Maintenance Funds), over time many tombstones are forgotten and destroyed and become damaged. For funeral authorities, monumental cemeteries are difficult to maintain. While graves often have grassy areas among the graves, the layout of the cemetery makes it difficult to use modern equipment such as a ride-on lawnmower in the cemetery. Often lawn maintenance should be done with more labor-intensive (and therefore expensive) methods. To reduce labor costs, devices such as rope cutters are increasingly used in funeral maintenance, but such devices can damage monuments and tombstones. Funeral authorities disliked the criticism they received for the worsening conditions of tombstones, arguing that they had no responsibility for the maintenance of tombstones, and usually ignored their own maintenance practices as one cause of the decline.
Rural or park
Rural funeral or funeral garden is a funeral style land that uses landscaping in a park-like setting. It was conceived in 1711 by the British architect Sir Christopher Wren, who advocated the creation of a cemetery garden featuring well-planned footpaths that provided widespread access to the graves and planting of planned trees, shrubs and flowers. The idea of ​​Wren is not immediately accepted. But in the early 1800s, the existing churches were getting full and unhealthy, with graves piled on each other or emptied and reused for new burials. In reaction to this, the first "garden" cemetery - PÃÆ'¨re Lachaise Cemetery in Paris - opened in 1804. Since these graves are usually located in suburbs (where land is plentiful and cheap), they are called "rural cemeteries", the term still used to describe them today. This concept quickly spread throughout Europe.
Park/rural cemetery should not be outside the city limits. When the ground within the city can be found, the grave is covered with a wall to provide a garden-like quality. These graves are often not sectarian, or are located together with houses of worship. Inspired by the UK landscape garden movement, they often look like an attractive park. The first rural garden/cemetery in the United States is Mount Auburn Cemetery near Boston, Massachusetts, founded by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1831. After the founding of Mount Auburn, dozens of other "rural" cemeteries were established in the United States - perhaps in part because of the address of the Supreme Court's dedication Joseph Story - and there are dozens of addresses of devotion. Of course, the most famous address of devotion is the address of Abraham Lincoln in a small, previously unknown hamlet in southern central Pennsylvania, Gettysburg.
The cost of building a rural park/funeral often means that only the rich can afford to pay for the funeral there. Furthermore, park/rural funerals often feature monuments on land and memorials, tombs, and columbaria. Filling rural cemeteries/overgrown gardens with intricate monuments on the ground, many of the dubious quality or sense of artistic creates a backlash that leads to the development of the lawn cemetery.
Lawn Cemetery
In a review of British funeral and death practices, Julie Rugg writes that there are "four closely interconnected factors explaining the 'discovery' and widespread adoption of grass cemetery: the decline of Victoria's cemetery; the aesthetic rejection of Victoria's aids supports modern alternatives, resource difficulties, after World War II, further limiting what might be achieved in terms of funeral maintenance, and fostering professionalism in the field of funeral management. "
Typically, the grass cemetery consists of a number of graves in a grass setting with trees and gardens around it. Adolph Strauch introduced this style in 1855 in Cincinnati. While the aesthetic appeal to family members has been a key driver for the development of the lawn cemetery, the funeral authorities initially welcomed this new style of funerals with enthusiasm, hoping for easier maintenance. Selecting (or grading) the land intended for grass cemetery so completely flat allows the use of efficient large cutting machines (such as cutting machines or grass tractors) - placards (which are placed horizontally on the ground) lie below the level of the blade and are not damaged by knife. Unfortunately, in practice, while families are often initially attracted to the neat appearance of the grass funeral, the general practice of placing flowers (sometimes in vases) and other items (eg small toys in children's graves) re-introduces some chaos to the cemetery and makes it difficult to use larger cutting machines. While funeral authorities increasingly impose restrictions on the nature and type of objects that can be placed in grass tombs and actively remove the forbidden goods, grieving families often do not want to comply with these restrictions and get very angry if the items are removed. Another problem with the lawn cemetery involves over-growth grass over time: grasses can grow and cover placards, for the distress of families who can no longer easily find graves. The grass spread by the stolon above the ground (runner) can cover the plaque very quickly. Grasses that propagate by underground rhizomes tend not to cover plaque easily.
Sinar Lawn
The grass cemetery funnel, the recent development, seeks to solve the funeral problem of the grass while retaining its many benefits. Low-rise concrete sheets (10-15 cm) are placed opposite the cemetery. The memorial plaque (usually a standard in size and material similar to a lawn cemetery) stands on a beam adjacent to each grave. As in the lawn cemetery, grass grows on top of the grave itself. The area between the beams is wide enough to allow easy cutting with larger cutting machines. Because the cutter blades are set lower than the top of the beam and the cutter does not pass through the beam, the propeller can not damage the plaque. Above the beam, the plaque can not be easily overgrown with grass, and the space between the plaques allows the family to place flowers and other objects beyond the reach of the cut.
Natural
natural funeral, eco-cemetery, green graveyard or conservation cemetery , is a new style of funerals as an area devoted to natural burial (with or without coffin). A natural funeral is motivated by a desire for environmentally conscious with the body quickly decaying and becoming part of the natural environment without incurring the cost of a traditional burial environment.
Many scientists argue that natural burial would be a very efficient land use if it is specifically designed to save habitat, ecological systems and endangered species.
The reverse has also been proposed. Instead of letting natural burials permanently protect the wild landscape, others argue that the rapid decomposition of natural burials, in principle, allows rapid re-use of cemeteries compared to conventional burials. However, it is not clear whether reuse of cemetery will be culturally accepted by most people.
In keeping with the "back to nature" intent and the potential for early reuse, natural funerals usually do not have conventional grave marks such as gravestones. In contrast, proper GPS recordings and or placement of trees, shrubs or stones often mark the location of the dead, so relatives and friends who mourn can visit the exact grave site.
Columbarium wall
The Columbarium wall is a common feature of many cemeteries, reflecting the increasing use of cremation rather than burial. While the remains of cremation can be kept at home by families in jars or scattered in some important or interesting places, none of these approaches allow for a durable memorial plaque to honor the dead or provide a place for a circle of friends and wider families to come to mourning or traveling. Therefore, many cemeteries now provide walls (usually from brick or brick constructions made) with rectangular rectangular arrangements, with each niche large enough to accommodate the remains of a person's cremation. The walls of the Columbarium are sparsely landscaped land use in cemeteries compared to cemeteries and alcoves in columbarium walls are a much cheaper alternative to funeral plots. A small plaque (about 15 cm x 10 cm) can be affixed in front of each niche and is usually included as part of the niche price. Because the writing on the plaque should be small enough to fit on the small size of the plaque, the design of the columbarium wall is limited by the visitor's ability to read the plaque. Thus, the niche is usually placed between 1 meter to 2 meters above the ground so that placards can be easily read by adults. Some columbarium walls have a niche close to the ground surface, but these niches are usually unpopular with families because it is difficult to read plaque without bending very low (something that adults especially find difficult or uncomfortable to do).
Like graves, niches can be assigned by funeral authorities or families can choose from empty niches available. It is usually possible to purchase (or pay a deposit) to book the use of an adjacent niche for other family members. The use of adjacent niches (vertically or horizontally) usually allows larger plaques that cover all the gaps involved, which provide more space for writing. Like graves, there may be separate columbarium walls for different religions or for war veterans. Like the lawn cemetery, the original hope is that people would prefer the simple simplicity of the placard wall, but the practice of leaving flowers is deeply rooted. The mourners leave flowers (and other objects) on the columbarium wall or on the base, as close to the placards of their family members as possible. In some cases, it is possible to press a piece of wire or rope underneath the plaque which allows the flower or small posy to be placed on the plaque itself or clip attached to the plaque for that purpose. The new design of the columbarium wall takes this desire to leave flowers into account by inserting a metal clip or loop next to each placard, usually designed to hold a single flower stalk or small bouquet. When the flowers decay, they fall to the ground and do not create significant maintenance problems.
Family
Although rare today, family (or personal) funerals are a matter of practicality during American settlements. If the municipal or religious cemetery has not been established, the settlers will look for a small patch of land, often in forest areas adjacent to their fields, to start family plots. Sometimes, some families will arrange to bury the dead together. While some of these sites then grow into true graves, many are forgotten after a family moves or dies.
Today, it is unheard of to find a collection of tombstones, ranging from a few to a dozen or more, on undeveloped lands. At the end of the 20th century suburban settlements pressured the pace of development in rural areas before, it became increasingly common for larger exurban properties to be burdened by "religious peace", which is a legal requirement for property owners to permit periodic maintenance small plots located on the property but technically not owned with it. Often, cemeteries are relocated to accommodate buildings. However, if the funeral is not relocated, the descendants of the people who are buried there can visit the cemetery.
More recently, family practice with large estates that choose to create a private cemetery in the form of burial sites, monuments, crypts, or tombs on their property; The mausoleum of Fallingwater is an example of this practice. Burial of a body in a location can protect the site from rebuilding, with such plantations often placed in the care of trust or foundation. Today, state regulations have made it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to start private funerals; many need a plan to take care of this site forever. Private cemeteries are almost always prohibited in the incorporated residential zones. Many people will bury their pets on family property.
Arabic
Most Saudis in Al Baha are Muslim, and this is reflected in their cemetery and customs. "The hinterland of the southern tribes of Baha - home of the tribes of Al-Ghamdi and Al-Zahrani - have been known for centuries because their tribal tribes are now slowly disappearing," according to the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat: elderly villagers explain how tribal graves appear.people usually die in large numbers and very quickly one after the other because of illness So the villagers will dig a grave close by burying the same family members in one area.That is how families and the tribal cemetery comes... If the family runs out of space, they will open an old cemetery where family members have been buried earlier and add more people to them.This process is known as khashf . "" During famines and outbreaks epidemic, a large number of people will die and many tribes face difficulties in digging new graves due to difficult weather.In the past, some Arab winters lasted for more than e nam month and will be accompanied by lots of rain and fog, which makes movement difficult. But due to tribal competition, many families will keep their graves and limit who is buried in them. Across the Baha, the cemetery was built in various ways. Some graves consist of underground vaults or concrete burial chambers with the capacity to hold large numbers of corpses at a time. Such domes include a window for people to peek and are usually decorated with text, pictures, and patterns. At least one inhabitant believes that the grave is unique in the region because many are not oriented toward Mecca, and therefore must precede Islam.
Level
The storied tombs at Yagoto Cemetery, which is a city cemetery located in the hilly areas of Nagoya, Japan, effectively created a stone wall covering the hillside.
Miscellaneous
The Cross Bones is a burial place for prostitutes in London, and the Neptune Memorial Reef is an underwater kolumbarium near Key Biscayne.
Memorial online
In the new millennium, it has become increasingly common for graves and funeral homes to offer online services. There is also a stand-alone online "cemetery" like Find a Grave, Canadian Headstones, Interment.net, and World Wide Cemetery.
Habits and practices
Interest
In Western countries, and many others, visitors to the cemetery usually leave cut flowers, especially during big holidays and on birthdays or anniversaries that are relevant. Funerals usually remove these flowers after a few weeks to keep the room awake. Some companies offer timeless flower services, to ensure the grave is always decorated with fresh flowers. Flowers are also often planted in tombs as well, usually directly in front of tombstones. For this purpose, roses are very common.
Stones
Loved visitors buried in Jewish cemeteries often leave small stones above the tombstone. There are prayers that are said in the grave, and the stone is left at the time of departure of visitors. It is done as a show of respect; as a general rule, flowers are not placed in Jewish graves. The flowers passed quickly; the symbology inherent in the use of stone is to show that the love, the honor, the memories, and the soul of the beloved are eternal. This practice is seen in the closing scene of the movie Schindler List , although in this case it is not in the Jewish cemetery.
Cross
War graves will generally have a small wooden cross left with a red poppy attached to its center. It will often have a message written on the cross. More formal visits will often leave poppy bouquets. Jewish war graves are sometimes marked with wood of Star of David.
Candle
Placing the burning of graves in graves to commemorate death is a very common tradition in Poland. This is mostly done on the Day of All Souls. Traditional grave candles are called znicz in Polish.
Contemporary management
Traditional funeral management involves only the allocation of land for funerals, excavation and filling of cemeteries, and the maintenance of lands and landscapes. The construction and maintenance of gravestones and other tomb monuments is usually the responsibility of surviving relatives and friends. However, more and more people consider the collections produced from individual tombstones, concrete slabs and fences (some of which may be rotted or damaged) to be aesthetically unattractive, leading to the construction of new graves of either standardized shapes or designs of tombstones or plaques, by providing standardized shaped markers as part of the service provided by the cemetery.
Excavation grave
Funeral authorities usually employ full-time staff from caregivers to dig graves. The term "grave digger" is still used in casual speeches, although many graves have adopted the term "caretaker", since their duties often involve the maintenance of cemetery and funeral facilities. The work of skilled personnel for the preparation of graves is done not only to ensure the grave is dug in the right location and at the proper depth, but also to free the family from the necessity of digging graves for dead relatives, and as a matter of public security, to prevent visitors who are not experienced from injuring themselves, to ensure the unused tombs are well covered, and to avoid legal liability resulting from injuries associated with graves that are not dug or found properly. Preparations of graves are usually done before the mourners arrive for burials. The burial guards fill the graves after burial, generally after the mourners have left. Mechanical equipment, such as the backhoe, is used to reduce labor costs for digging and filling, but some hand shoveling may still be necessary.
In the UK the minimum depth from the surface to the highest cover is 36 inches. There should be 6 inches between each coffin, which averages 15 inches tall. If the soil is free of draining and porous, it takes only 24 inches of soil above it. Coffins can be buried at a lower depth or even above the ground as long as they are encased in a concrete space. Before 1977, the double grave was dug into 8 feet and single to 6 feet. As a single cemetery is now dug into a 54Ã, inch, old grave contains many areas where a new single grave can be dug up in the "old ground". This is considered a valid resource management method and provides income to keep the old cemetery in order to survive, thus preventing the need for permanent closure, which will result in a reduction in their workforce.
Funeral List
There is usually a legal requirement to keep records of burial (or burial of ashes) in the cemetery. This burial list usually contains (at least) the name of the buried person, the burial date and the location of the cemetery in the cemetery, although some contain much more detail. The Arlington National Cemetery, one of the largest military cemeteries in the United States, has a registry, The ANC Explorer , which contains details such as front and rear photos of tombstones. The burial register is an important source for genealogy.
Land use
To physically manage the space in the cemetery (to avoid burial in the grave) and to record the location in the funeral list, most graves have several systematic grave arrangements lined up, generally grouped into larger sections as needed. Often the graves display this information in the form of maps, which are used by both the funeral administration in managing their land use and also by friends and family members searching for certain graves in the cemetery.
Pressure
The funeral authority faces a number of tensions with respect to cemetery management.
One problem with cost. Traditionally a single payment was made at the time of the funeral, but the funeral authority incurs the cost of funeral maintenance for decades. Many funeral authorities find that their accumulated funds are insufficient for long-term maintenance costs. Disadvantages in funding for this maintenance produce three main options: charge a much higher price for new burials, get some other kind of public subsidy, or ignore maintenance. For a funeral without space for a new burial, the choice is even more limited. Public attitudes toward subsidies vary widely. People with families buried in local cemeteries are usually quite worried about the negligence of cemetery maintenance and will usually argue in favor of public subsidies for local funeral maintenance, while others without connections to the region often argue that public spending comes from their taxes and therefore should be spent on life in the district rather than wasted on the dead.
Other problems relate to the limited amount of land. In many cities and towns, older graves that were initially considered large often ran out of space for new burials and no vacant land was available to expand the cemetery or even land in the same common area to create new graves. New graves are generally established in suburbs and cities, where much of the land is still available. However, people often want to be buried in the same cemetery with other relatives, creating pressure to find more space in the existing cemetery and not interested in being buried in a new cemetery that has nothing to do with their family.
The third problem is the maintenance of monuments and tombstones, which are generally the responsibility of the family, but often become neglected over time. Decay and damage through vandalism or funeral-keeping practices can make monuments and tombstones unsafe or at least unsightly. On the other hand, some families do not forget the grave but are constantly visiting, leaving behind flowers, plants, and other decorative items that create their own care problems.
Utilization of grave
All of these issues tend to put pressure on the reuse of grave sites in graves. The re-use of cemeteries already used for funerals can cause great disruption to family members. Although the authorities may state that the grave is old enough that no human remains will still exist, yet many people consider the reuse of graves (especially their family tombs) as desecration. Also the reuse of the tomb used involves the removal of monuments and tombstones, which can cause further difficulties for the family (although families will usually be allowed to pick up monuments and tombstones if they wish).
On the other hand, graveyard authorities are well aware that many old graves are forgotten and unvisited and that their reuse will not cause suffering to anyone. However, there may be some older graves in the cemetery for whom there are local breeds and vowels who will conduct public campaigns for no longer use. One pragmatic strategy is to announce plans to reuse older graves and invite families to respond if they want to or not. Reuse only occurs if there is no objection that allows the grave to be "forgotten" for reuse. Sometimes the funeral asks for further payments to avoid reuse of the grave, but often this backfires politically.
The practical problem with getting in touch with family is that the native who organized the funeral itself may also die and be buried and find members of the family who lived decades later were almost impossible (or at least expensive). Therefore, communication about reuse in local cemeteries tends to occur only through local publications, which often do not reach extended family members who may only become aware of the reuse of the grave after the event (and after dismissal) and the destruction of monuments and stones headstone).
Some cemeteries predict the need to be reused and incorporated into their original terms and conditions, limited ownership of grave sites and most new cemeteries following this practice, after seeing the problems facing older graves. However, even when graves have the legal right to reuse a cemetery, strong public opinion often forces authorities to back off on reuse. Also, even when graves have limited ownership tenets, often underfunding forces them to consider reuse earlier than the original arrangements provided.
Other types of grave sites that should be considered for reuse are sites that have not been used (but have been purchased at some time for future use). In principle, it would seem easier to reuse such grave sites because there are no claims of blasphemy, but often this is made more complicated by the legal rights to be buried acquired by pre-purchase, since each clause of control is limited only need effects after burial. Again, funeral authorities suspect that in many cases the burial holders may die and nobody will exercise the funeral rights, but once again some families are aware of their burial rights and intend to carry them out as and when family members die. Again the difficulty of not being able to find the funeral holder makes it difficult to reuse the tomb.
As the historic graves begin to reach their capacity for full burial, alternative alerts, such as collective warnings to cremated individuals, are becoming more common. Different cultures have different attitudes towards the destruction of graves and the use of land for construction. In some countries it is considered normal to destroy graves, while in other graves have traditionally been revered for a century or more. In many cases, once the appropriate time period has elapsed, the tombstones are moved and the former cemetery is converted into a recreational park or construction site. Newer trends, especially in South American cities, involve the construction of high-rise buildings to house graves.
Funeral in the United States can be relocated if land is needed for other reasons. For example, many graves in the southeastern United States are relocated by the Tennessee Valley Authority from areas to be flooded with dam construction. The cemetery can also be moved so that the land can be reused for transportation structures, public buildings, or even personal development. Funeral relocation is not always possible in other parts of the world; in Alberta, Canada, for example, the Cemetery Act expressly prohibits the removal of cemeteries or grave mass excavations marked for any reason. This has caused significant problems in the provision of transportation services to the southern part of the City of Calgary, as the main southern road connecting the southern edge of the city with the city center through a series of graves erected in the 1930s. The light rail transit line that drove to the southern end had to be built directly under the road.
Maintenance and mourning
Funeral authorities also face tension between the demands of efficient maintenance competition with the needs of mourners.
The cost of labor in particular has increased substantially so finding a low cost maintenance method (which means a low-maintenance maintenance method) is increasingly important. However, as discussed above, the use of large cutting machines and rope cutters may be efficient but often can not be used in cemeteries because they are physically too large to fit between graves or because they can damage monuments and tombstones. In this case, older graves are designed at relatively low labor times and limited automation tend to present the greatest difficulty for maintenance.
On the other hand, newer cemeteries may be designed to be more efficiently maintained with lower labor through increased use of equipment, eg. grass cemetery where maintenance can be done with a mower or a lawn tractor. However, the efficient maintenance of newer graves is often frustrated by the actions of mourners who often place flowers and other objects in the cemetery. These objects often require manual intervention; in some cases objects will be retrieved and returned after maintenance, in other cases (eg dead flowers) they will be discarded.
Again, although funeral authorities try to prohibit the quantity and nature of objects placed in cemeteries (common restrictions are only allowing fresh flowers, not in vases or pots), but the bereaved family may ignore the rule and become very angry if other objects are removed. In particular, in an era where children's deaths are now relatively rare, some parents make large temples in their child's graves, decorate them with toys, wind chimes, angel statues and cherubs, etc. as a manifestation of their grief, adding items to pile objects in the grave progressively over time. Funeral authorities should try to deal with such situations sensitively, because strong emotions are involved. However, as well as their own maintenance issues with such "temples", families with graves in the surrounding area often complain to the grave authorities about "chaos", as they believe it will reduce the dignity of their family tombs. Therefore, the funeral should find a solution that satisfies both parties.
Superstition
In many countries, the grave is a place that is believed to store both the characteristics of superstition and legend, used, usually at night, as altars in black magic ceremonies or secret occasions, such as devil worship, grave-robbing (gold teeth and jewelry preferred) thrilling sexual encounters or drug and alcohol abuse unrelated to the funeral aura (see below).
The zombie legend, romanticized by Wade Davis on The Serpent and the Rainbow, is not unusual among grave myths, as graves are believed to be the place where magicians and sorcerers get the skull and bones needed for crime they. ritual.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments