Demining a mine or mine permit is the process of removing landmines from an area, while minefields describes mine detection actions. There are two different types of mine detection and removal: military and humanity.
Minesweepers use many tools to accomplish their tasks. These tools have historically included many well-trained animals, including dogs and rats, but most often on modern world minesweepers rely on metal detectors or vehicles with various mechanical devices attached to them. Other methods have been developed to detect mines, including the use of trained marine mammals, bacteria, acoustics, and other more exotic methods.
Video Demining
Izin penambangan militer
In the battle zone, this process is referred to as mine permission . According to US doctrine and other soldiers, mine clearance is carried out by combat engineers.
The military priority is to destroy minefields quickly to create a safe path for troops or ships. Speed ​​is important, both for tactical reasons and because units that attempt to penetrate minefields may be under enemy fire. Both antipersonnel mines and anti-tank mines should be removed, even if only on the path through which soldiers or vehicles are planned to progress.
The risk for sappers is much greater because they can be required to perform clearances as dictating tactics, including operating under any weather conditions and on schedule; they can also be under enemy fire. The commander can accept the victim in the process. Furthermore, it is accepted that mine clearance will not be perfect due to speed and there may be victims of an undiscovered mine. One of the advantages is that, in military operations, sappers generally deal with mines that have recently been laid out that respond predictively to liberation, do not 'migrate', and do not experience degradation (unless old stocks are used; old mines can become unstable ). In this case they are often assisted by technical intelligence at the current enemy mine, which is usually of a single type.
In this mine clearance operation, the methods applied for detection and deletion are faster, but less complete. These methods include those that detect and remove in one action, such as mechanical mine removal, carpet bombing, ground burning or the use of a Bangalore torpedo or mine clearance costs.
Maps Demining
Eradication of humanitarian mines
In moments of relative peace, the demining process of mines is called mine removal . This is a time-intensive and time-intensive process that seeks to locate any and all mines so that land or sea can be safely restored to normal use. It is imperative that this process should be complete. Even if only a small handful of mines are still missing, incomplete mines can actually lead to an increase in civilian mine casualties when locals re-occupy the area they previously evaded in the belief that it was made safe. In this context, the removal of mines is one of the mine action tools. Coordinated by the Mine Action Coordination Center run by the United Nations or host government, civilian mine clearance agencies are tasked with mines. In post-conflict areas, minefields are often contaminated with mixed remnants of explosive (ERW) warfare that includes unexploded ordnance warfare and landmines. In that context, efforts to liberate humanity are often referred to as the liberation of the battle area.
In some situations, clearing of landmines is a necessary condition before other humanitarian programs can be implemented. Large-scale international efforts have been made to test and evaluate existing and new technologies for demining of humanitarian mines, especially by the EU, US, Canada and Japan governments and by the Mine Action Center of the affected countries.
Currently, Afghanistan and Iraq consume the largest number of minefields, with 24.8% and 15.1% respectively of global expenditure for humanitarian mines.
The current method of eliminating humanitarian usury
The main methods used for the elimination of humanitarian landmines are: manual detection using metal detectors and producers, detection by specially trained mine dogs, and mechanical cleaning using armored vehicles equipped with kettles, tillers or similar devices. There is an organization, APOPO, which trains African rats to detect land mines as well as dogs, offering local solutions to African countries. In many situations, the only method that meets the requirements of the United Nations to effectively combat humanity, the International Mine Action Standard (IMAS), is manual detection and disarmament. This process is usually slow, expensive and dangerous, although mine removal can be safer than construction work if procedures are strictly followed. New technology can provide an effective alternative.
Manual detection with metal detector
Metal detectors were first used, after their discovery by Polish officer JÃÆ'³zef Kosacki. The Allies used his invention, known as the Polish mine detector, to clear the German minefield during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were sent to Field Marshal Montgomery. The "Polish" mine detector is then used in conjunction with the ERA mine finder to detect coastal mines.
The first step in manual mine removal is to scan the area with a metal detector, which is sensitive enough to take most of the mines, but also produces about a thousand false positives for each mine. Some mines, referred to as minimum metal mines, are built with as little metal as possible - as small as 1 gram (0.035 oz) - to make them difficult to detect. Mine without metals has been produced, but rarely. The area in which the metal is detected is carefully examined to determine if there is a mine; probing must continue until the object that triggered the metal detector is found.
Dog
Trained dogs can sniff out explosive chemicals such as TNT in landmines, and are used in some countries.
Mice
Like dogs, giant pocketed rats are trained to sniff out chemicals like TNT in landmines. These mice are currently working in minefields in Mozambique and trained in Tanzania by APOPO. Mice called HeroRATS.
These animals also have advantages as a much lower mass than humans or dogs. They tend not to create small mines intended to injure or kill people, if bomb-binding animals pass directly over the buried peaks of mines.
Mechanical permissions
Special machines effectively combine mine detection and discharge into one operation. In the past, these machines were applied both in mine and mine clearance, but are now generally only used for mines. They can be used to verify unexpected land contaminated or as an additional layer of security after an area is cleared by other methods, such as dogs.
The machines consist of special vehicles being pushed through minefields, deliberately blowing up the mines they drive. The vehicle is designed to withstand explosions with minimal damage. Some are operated directly with armor to protect drivers; some are operated under remote control.
- Mine and mine. The roller method originated during World War I and the methods of hitting during World War II but both are still in use. There is no truly reliable system and both will leave minefields released, which require minefields to be reexamined by other methods. The effectiveness of mine flats can be close to 100% under ideal conditions, but clearance rates as low as 50-60% have been reported. This is well below the 99.6% standard set by the UN for humanitarian mines.
- Minefields - a tool in front of a tank that digs up the ground, shows any mine or turns it upside down, which significantly reduces its effect if it explodes.
- The two things above are sometimes combined in the same vehicle.
- Modified weapons-removing bulldozers are long used in some countries. They have the ability to remove vegetation prior to mine removal and can withstand antipersonnel and antitank mines. Their long arms provide benefits to reduce damage to the main body, especially to the operator cabin. Seventh bulletproof glass (7.62Ã, cm) protects the operator from the minefield.
Recently, the army has developed a demining vehicle, and a remote controlled bulldozer, which is remote controlled. This eliminates risks for operators. Important examples are Caterpillar D7 MCAP (United States) and Raam HaShachar Caterpillar D9N (Israel).
- Mechanical clearing equipment
Personal protective equipment
Deminers may remove personal protective equipment (APD) such as helmets, visors, armored gloves, vests and boots, in an effort to protect them if the mines are turned off by accident. IMAS sets the standard for the equipment but draws attention to its limitations and states that at close range, antipersonnel fragmentation mines and antimatallized PPE overmatch mines are currently available. PPE can provide significant protection against anti-personnel explosive mines, and this is more common. The related technologies that have been developed to improve safety include large cushioned pads that are fastened to the bottom of the shoe that distributes the weight and reduce foot impact, since very small soil disturbances can tip old, unstable, or deliberately sensitive triggers. First developed in 1954 by the British as overshoes that were first inflated by combat troops, these special shoes have become the required item for some mine operations.
Deletion method
Removal methods in mine removal
In the removal of a mine, after an object is detected, it is deleted by one of the following methods:
- Manual disarmament.
- Long-range combustion of explosives. If possible, it is better to burn explosively without detonation. Diethylene triamine (a close relative of ethylenediamine) reacts with TNT to produce heat. The compounds produced from this reaction can then be burned without detonation. It has been reported that the amine is hyperglycated with TNT, Tetryl, Composition B and other TNT-based explosives, but does not react in the same manner as RDX or PETN-based explosives. Other organic ligands containing nitrogen (eg pyridine, diethylamine and pyrolysis) are known as hyperglycics with TNT.
- Setting mines to fire while avoiding high explosions. This can be done by cutting a hole in the mine without blowing up its contents.
Method of removal in mine clearance
Some removal methods not applied in humanitarian mines, but common in mine clearance, include:
- Torpedo in Bangalore from World War II - a precursor to the load of mine clearance lines clearing the path through mines. This can also be done using an Antipersonel Constraint Explosive System or Giant Viper, a hose pipe filled with explosives and carried over a mine by a rocket.
- The helicopter drags the plow to overthrow or blow up a mine. It has the problem of dropping a helicopter when plowing the plow to objects like a large rock, but has been corrected by using a pressure sensitive plow pitch that releases when it is too pressed. However, this affects its effectiveness because mines planted in hard soil or near rocks will not be detonated.
- Livestock and other heavy animals are often left to graze on mined areas to facilitate mine explosions.
- Nazi Germany uses captured civilians pursued in mines to detonate explosives. According to Laurence Rees, "Curt von Gottberg, the SS-Obergruppenfuhrer who, during 1943, undertook another major anti-partisan action called Operasi Kottbus on the eastern border of Belorussia, reported that 'about two to three thousand local people were blown up in minefield clearing'. "
Case study
Along the China-Vietnam border are many minefields. This is the legacy of border clashes in the 1980s. The mines are mostly anti-personnel, and have kept large areas of fertile land from local farmers. The typical demining process used by Chinese is as follows. Explosives are dug around the minefield to be cleaned. Then the engineer will set the minefield to fire with a flamethrower. The key factors of this combustion process are: thick vegetation covering the minefield; most antipersonnel mines are buried very close to the ground; mines made of wood, thin metal or plastic. This burning process will usually destroy about 90% of the mines, because the mines are detonated or melted. A mine that has a travel cable will have a burning cable. The demining team will then hijack the area with a mine detector. When the team has cleared the mines, they will walk on the field in their own hands to show the locals that all the mines have been cleared.
Detection method is under development
In 2003, Rand Corporation published a comprehensive report on innovative methods of groundmine detection.
Advanced electromagnetic methods
Ground penetrating radar
Conventional metal detectors rely on electromagnetic signals with a sequence frequency of 10-100 kHz, which is not sensitive to the plastic or wood mining bodies and the high explosive blocks themselves. The only part of a low metal mine they could possibly detect was a detonator. A much higher frequency signal (of 1 GHz sequence) is used in Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and these signals are also sensitive to nonmetallic parts of the mine. Unfortunately, because they are also affected by dangerous objects such as tree and stone roots and by local changes in soil moisture, it is difficult to distinguish mines with GPR images.
Dual-sensor
The hybrid approach using GPR sensors and metal detectors in a single instrument has been developed by several research companies and organizations.
Biological detection
Honey bee
Research by the University of Montana has revealed that honeybees can, with minimal training, be used to detect land mines with much greater accuracy and much higher clearance rates than dogs or rats.
Mammals
A recent experiment with the giant Gambian rat, also known as the giant African rat, has shown that it has the necessary sensitivity to kiss, can be trained reliably with food reward incentives, and is usually too small to start mines. These mice also offer local solutions to many African countries because they are from East Africa. These mice were trained by a nonprofit research organization called APOPO and called HeroRATs. In addition, experiments with electrode-guided mice show that the removal of mines could one day be solved by guiding "ratbots" into areas where humanity can not be reached.
Engineer Thrishantha Nanayakkara and his colleagues at Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka have come up with a method in which a mongoose dwarf is trained to detect landmines by kissing and guided by remote controlled robots.
The US Mammal Marine Navy program uses sea lions and dolphins, among other species, in detecting layers.
Plants
Mustard Arabidopsis thaliana , one of the most studied plants in the world, usually turns red under harsh conditions. But using a combination of natural mutation and genetic manipulation, scientists from the Danish biotechnology company, Aresa Biodetection, created a strain that only changes color in response to nitrous oxide leaked from landmines and other explosives. Because nitrous oxide can also be formed by denitrification bacteria, there are some false-positive risks using this technique, and researchers are trying to make plants less sensitive. Plants will assist in the removal of mines by indicating mine presence through discoloration, and can be sprinkled from planes or by people walking through corridors forged in minefields. In February 2005, no research was done with actual landmines, although successful research has been done in greenhouses. To prevent the spread of these genetically engineered organisms into the wild, plants have been further modified so that they will only sprout when provided with external growth factors.
Bacteria
Bacteria, known as bioreporters, have been genetically engineered to fluoresce under ultraviolet light in the presence of TNT. Tests involving spraying such bacteria over simulated minefields successfully placed mines. In the field, this method can allow to search hundreds of acres in a few hours, which is much faster than other techniques, and can be used on different types of terrain. Although there are some positive faults (especially near plants and water drainage), even three ounces of TNT are detected using these bacteria. Unfortunately, no bacterial strains are capable of detecting RDX, other common explosives, and bacteria may not be visible under desert conditions. Also, well-built ammunition that has not had time to corrode may not be detected using this method.
Nuclear detection
There are two main techniques for detecting landmines through nuclear reactions. Both rely on the use of neutrons.
The first such technique depends on the fact that most of the explosives used in landmines are rich in nitrogen when compared to other materials. To detect such anomalies, one can use nuclear reactions
In practice, the detection system using this reaction works by subjecting the mine to the thermal neutron while looking for gamma rays of the characteristics emitted from the excited state in nitrogen-15; this photon will only be observed when an object containing nitrogen is being subjected to neutron irradiation. One possible source of neutrons is the californium-252 that undergoes spontaneous fission. A better source of neutrons is to use a tube of neutron generation DT electrostatic closed tube, this has the advantage that tritium is much more radiotoxic than californium so in case of an explosion-like accident, nuclear mine detection equipment will pose a smaller threat to humans. This type of explosive detection has been proposed for use in airport security and for detecting explosives in trucks coming to military bases.
An alternative way to find landmines through nuclear reactions with the help of neutrons is by measuring the neutron thermalization. In this technique the soil is irradiated by fast neutrons and threaded neutron flux is scaled back measured. The motivation for this technique is that the explosives contain a much higher hydrogen concentration, which is a very effective neutron moderator.
Acoustic detection
It is possible to detect landmines by directing sound waves in the area to be harvested, causing land mines to vibrate, and then using lasers to search for vibrations on the surface by using Doppler shifts - the technique is called laser doppler vibrometry scanning. Such devices have been built, for example, at the University of Mississippi, at MIT and by Kayser-Threde Company.
Drone
Since January 2016 British scientists developed a drone with advanced imaging technology to map more cheaply and effectively and speed up mine clearance. The Find A Better Way charity, working since 2011 to advance technologies that will enable safer and more efficient landmine clearance, in collaboration with scientists at Bristol University to develop a drone equipped with hyperspectral imaging technology that can quickly identify landmines which is buried in the ground.. John Fardoulis, project researcher from Bristol University stated that "the maps produced by their drones will help deminers focus in places where mines are likely to be found". The intended drone will be able to flyover and collect images at various wavelengths that, according to Dr. John Day of the University of Bristol, can show explosive chemicals seeping from landmines to the surrounding foliage as "the chemicals in landmines leak out and are often absorbed by plants , causing abnormalities "that can be detected as" live plants have a very distinctive reflection in the near infrared spectrum, just beyond the human vision, which makes it possible to know how healthy they are. "
In the $ 1 million Drones of 2015 for good competition, the Spanish company CATUAV was selected as a finalist for drones equipped with optical sensors to scan areas affected by the Bosnian and Herzegovina wars for land mines buried during the 1990s.
The Mine Mine Kafon project, led by designer Massoud Hassani is working on a drone system that can quickly detect and clear landmines. The unmanned air mining system called the Kafon Drone Mine uses a three-step process to map, detect and detonate landmines independently. It flies over potentially dangerous areas, generates 3D maps, and uses metal detectors to pinpoint mine sites. The drone can then place the detonator on a mine using his robotic arm grip, before retreating to a safe distance. The company claims its drones are safer, 20 times faster and up to 200 times cheaper than current technology and possibly mine clearing globally in 10 years. The project raised funds at the Kickstarter crowdfunding site with their target set at EUR70,000 and received over EUR100,000 on it.
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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