Local, state, federal and global reactions to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center are unprecedented. The same incomparable event of the day caused the greatest response from emergency and local rescue personnel to help evacuate both towers and also contribute to the greatest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attack, the media called the World Trade Center site "Ground Zero", while rescue personnel called it "the Pile".
In subsequent recovery and cleaning efforts, personnel associated with metals and construction professions will drop on the site to offer their services and remain until the site was opened in May 2002. In later years, investigations and research have examined the impact on those who participate. , noting the various sufferings attributed to the rubble and stress.
Video Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center
Build evacuation
After American Airlines Flight 11 fell to the North Tower (1 WTC) from the World Trade Center, the standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay and that the building was safe. However, many oppose such instructions and begin evacuating the South Tower (especially, Rick Rescorla, Security Director of Morgan Stanley, evacuating 2687 of 2,700 Morgan Stanley employees in the building). All the refugees were booked through a door on the mezzanine floor leading to a bridge to another building, and everyone was evacuated through a neighboring building. The responsible firefighters did not want anyone through the front door at first because of the debris that fell, and then because of the falling people who had jumped from the tower.
The standard evacuation procedure for fires at the World Trade Center calls for the evacuation of only floors above and below fire, because simultaneous evacuations of up to 50,000 workers will become too chaotic.
Maps Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center
Emergency response
Firefighters
Firefighters from the New York City Fire Department rushed to the World Trade Center minutes after the first plane hit the north tower. Chief Joseph Pfeifer and his crew with Battalion 1 were among the first on the scene. At 8:50 am, an Incident Command Post was set up in the lobby of the North Tower. At 9am, just before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took command of the emergency response operation. Due to the falling debris and security issues, he moved the incident command center to a place located across West Street, but many of the firefighters remain in the lobby that continues to serve as an operating post where alarms, lifts, communication systems and equipment others are operated. The initial response by FDNY is on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involves sending firefighters to help people trapped in elevators and elsewhere. Firefighters were also asked to ensure all floors were fully evacuated.
Many staging venues are established near the World Trade Center, where responding to the fire unit can report and get dispersion instructions. However, many firefighters arrived at the World Trade Center without stopping at the staging area. As a result, many chieftains could not trace the whereabouts of their units. Many firefighters reported directly to the lobby of the building, and were ordered by those who ordered the operations post to proceed to the building.
Problems with radio communications caused the commander to lose touch with many firefighters who went to the buildings. The repeater system at the World Trade Center, which is required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, does not work after the impact of the aircraft. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders about their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. In addition, many firefighters came to help, without their radios. The FDNY commander has no communication with the NYPD, which has helicopters at the scene, or with an Emergency Service (EMS) dispatcher. Firefighters at the scene also do not have access to television reports or other outside information, which can be helpful in assessing the situation. When the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am, the firemen in the North Tower did not realize what was really going on. The battalion chief in the North Tower lobby immediately issued a radio order for firefighters in the tower to evacuate, but many did not hear the order, because the radio was broken. Therefore, 343 firefighters were killed in the collapse of the tower.
The command post located across West Street was taken when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapses, debris falls killing Peter Ganci, head of FDNY. After the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up in a fire house in Greenwich Village.
FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters at the scene when the buildings collapsed. This includes a total of 121 engine companies, 62 ladder companies, and other special units. FDNY also received assistance from the fire departments in Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester County and other neighboring jurisdictions, but with limited ability to manage and coordinate efforts. In addition to assisting with the restoration operation at Ground Zero, volunteer firefighters from Long Island and Westchester manned many firefighters across the city to help with firefighting and other emergency calls.
Doctor, EMT, and other medical staff
FDNY Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), along with a 9-1-1 system ambulance operated by volunteer hospitals and ambulance volunteers, arrived at 8:53 am, and quickly set up a staging area outside the North Tower, on West Street, who quickly moved to the corner of Vesey and West Streets. As more EMTs respond to the scene, five triage areas are set up around the World Trade Center site. EMS heads have difficulty communicating through their radio, because of the tremendous volume of radio traffic. As of 9:45, additional delivery channels are set aside for head and supervisor use only, but many do not know about it and continue to operate on other channels. Communication difficulties mean that the commander does not have good situational awareness.
Dispatcher in call center 9-1-1, which coordinates the EMS response and assigns units, overwhelmed with incoming calls, as well as communications via radio system. The dispatcher can not process and understand all incoming information, including information from people trapped in the tower, about the condition upstairs. An overwhelmed dispatch officer can not give instructions and manage the situation effectively.
EMS personnel in chaos after the collapse of the South Tower at 09:59. After the collapse of the North Tower at 10:28 am, the EMS commanders reunited in North End of Battery Park City, at the Embassy Suites Hotel. At approximately 11:00 local time, the EMS triage center was moved and consolidated at Chelsea Piers and the Staten Island Ferry Terminal. Throughout the afternoon, the platforms on the docks are separated into two areas, one for the more seriously injured and one for the injured. On the acute side, emergency tables, each with a doctor, nurse, and other health care workers, and non-emergency service volunteers, were formed for the mass casualty.
Inventories, including equipment for airway and vascular control, are obtained from neighboring hospitals. Throughout the afternoon, local merchants arrived to donate food. Nevertheless, some patients come for treatment, as early as around 5 pm, and are not seriously injured, limited to smoke inhalation. Announcements are made around 6-7 pm. that a second provider turnover will include a night shift, and that an area is being prepared for the day's personnel to sleep. Soon after, when it was realized that few survivors of the collapse and were brought to the dock, many decided to leave and the area was closed.
Police
The New York City Police Department responded quickly with the Emergency Service Unit (ESU) and other respondents following the flight of American Airlines Flight 11 to the North Tower. The NYPD set up an incident command center on Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from which FDNY led its operations. NYPD helicopters immediately at the scene, reporting the burning building status. When buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including some 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Port Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In the next few days, the police department works alternately 12-hour shifts to help with rescue and recovery efforts.
Coast Guard, maritime industry, individual boat owner
Immediately after the first attack, the captains and crew of a large number of local ships were steamed into the attack zone to assist in evacuation. These ships have responded to requests from the US Coast Guard to help evacuate those stranded on Manhattan Island. Others, such as John J. Harvey, provided supplies and water, which became indispensable after the collapse of the tower breaking down the central water center. The estimate of the number of people evacuated by water from Lower Manhattan that day in an eight-hour period after the attack ranged from 500,000 to 1,000,000. Norman Mineta, Transportation Secretary during the attack, called the effort "the largest maritime evacuation undertaken in the United States." The evacuation was the largest maritime evacuation in history by most estimates, past nine days of Dunkirk evacuation during World War II. As many as 2,000 people injured in the attack were evacuated in this way.
Amateur radio
Amateur radio plays a role in rescue and cleaning efforts. Amateur radio operators build communications, maintain emergency networks, and form brigade brigades with hundreds of other volunteer personnel. About 500 amateur radio operators donate their services during the disaster and recovery.
The New Jersey legislature respected the role of Radio Amateur operators in the proclamation on 12 December 2002.
I would like to take this opportunity to praise you for your hard work and efforts, "said Chief Justice Albio Sires." During times of disaster, your group has demonstrated superior service and dedication to the safety of our citizens. I appreciate the efforts of independent radio operators and thank you for your unconditional actions on 12 September 2001. Allow me to express my sincere gratitude for your participation with the General Assembly of New Jersey on this day, December 12, 2002.
- Charts of firefighters, paramedics, and chaplains are killed
Note: The government exhibition comes from the Zacarias Moussaoui trial
Rescue and search attempts
On the day after the attack, 11 people were rescued from the rubble, including six firefighters and three police officers. A woman was saved from the rubble, near the pedestrian bridge of the West Side Highway. Two PAPD officers, John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno, were also rescued. Discovered by former US Marines Jason Thomas and Dave Karnes, McLoughlin and Jimeno were pulled out alive after spending nearly 24 hours under 30 feet of debris. Their rescue was then portrayed in the Oliver Stone movie, World Trade Center . In total, only twenty survivors were pulled out of the ruins. The latest victim, Port Authority's secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower.
Several firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from the cavities under the rubble, although the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to reach them.
On Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City.
The rescue effort was stopped several times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty Plaza, are in danger of destruction.
Restore attempt
Search and rescue efforts immediately after World Trade Center sites involving ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, engineers, plumbers and pipefitters , riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truck drivers and team workers, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, off limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There are also about 400 worker dogs, the largest dog spread in the nation's history.
Organization
The New York City Emergency Management Office is the agency responsible for coordinating the City's response to the attack. Led by then director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located at 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building then collapsed. OEMs rebuilt temporary operations at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave numerous press conferences during the day and night of September 11. On Friday, rescue and rescue was organized and arranged from Pier 92 on the Hudson River.
Volunteers quickly descended to Ground Zero to help with the rescue and recovery effort. At the Jacob Javits Convention Center, thousands of people appear to offer help, where they are registered with the authorities. Construction projects around the city stalled, as workers left jobs to help in Ground Zero. Ironworkers, welders, steel burners, and others with such skills are in high demand. At the end of the first week, more than a thousand iron workers from across North America came to help, along with many others.
New York City Design Department & amp; Construction oversees the recovery effort. Beginning on September 12, the New York Structural Engineers Association (SEAoNY) was involved in the recovery effort, bringing in experts to review the stability of the debris, to evaluate the safety of hundreds of nearby buildings, and to design support for the cranes brought in to clear the debris. New York City hired an engineering company, LZA-Thornton Tomasetti, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site.
To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site is divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone is given a prime contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers.
- AMEC - North Tower along West Street
- Bovis Lend Lease - South Tower along Liberty Street
- Tully Construction Company, Inc. - The Eastern part of the WTC site
- Turner/Plaza Construction Joint Venture - Northern Part and 7 World Trade Centers
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), United States Army Engineer Corps, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provide support. The forestry incident management team (IMT) also provided support starting in the days following the attack to help manage the operation.
The nearby Burger King restaurant is used as a police operation center. Given that workers work on site, or The Pile , for shifts over 12 hours, certain cultures are developed on the site, leading to workers developing their own argot.
Removal of debris
"The Pile" is a term coined by rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tonnes of debris left over from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They avoided the use of "ground zero", which depicts the epicenter of a bomb blast.
Many volunteers are organized to form a "bucket brigade", which passes a ragged 5-gallon bucket to the investigator's row, which filters out debris for evidence and human remains. Iron workers help cut steel beams into a size that is easier to remove. Most of the debris was transported to the Fresh Killing Quarry on Staten Island where he was searched and sorted.
Reusing steel
Some steel is reused for memorials. New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted on a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was set up outside the Shanksville fire house near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93.
Twenty-four tons of steel used in the construction of the USS New York (LPD-21) comes from the small amount of debris from the World Trade Center that is preserved for posterity.
Dangers
Dangers on the World Trade Center site include a solar tank buried seven floors below. About 2,000 cars in the parking garage also present a risk, with each containing, on average, at least five gallons of gasoline. After the recovery workers reached the level of the parking garage, they found several cars that exploded and caught fire. The United States Customs Service, which is housed in 6 World Trade Centers, has 1.2 million rounds of ammunition and weapons stored in third-floor vaults, to support their range of fire.
Spirit
Within hours immediately after the attack on the World Trade Center, three firefighters raised the American flag over the ruins. The flag was taken from a yacht, and by then, captured on a famous photo, evoked comparison with Iwo Jima's iconic image. The spirit of rescue workers was upgraded on 14 September 2001 when President George W. Bush made a visit to Ground Zero. Standing with retired firefighter Bob Beckwith, Bush spoke to firefighters and rescued workers with loudspeakers and thanked them. Bush commented, "I was shocked by the magnitude of the destruction, it is hard to describe how it feels to see wrinkled steel and glass shards and buildings silhouetted against smoke.I say that this is the first act of war in America, in the 21st century, and I am right, especially after seeing that scene. "After several workers shouted that they could not hear the President, Bush famously replied by saying" I can hear you! The whole world hears you, and the people who drop these buildings will soon hear us all! "
At some point, the rescue workers realized that they would not find more survivors. After a few weeks, the conditions in Ground Zero remain loud, with the smell of human remains and decaying fumes. The spirit among the workers is driven by letters they receive from children throughout the United States and the world, as well as support from thousands of neighbors in TriBeCa and other Lower Manhattan neighborhoods.
This support continues to spread and eventually leads to the establishment of more than 250 non-profit organizations that collect nearly $ 700 million in the first two years of their operations. One non-profit organization including One Day Payment, later changed to MyGoodDeed, which championed efforts to establish 11 September as the official National Service Day (Day 9/11).
In 2012, many of the 250 plus organizations have disbanded due to lack of funding over the years. Of the remaining, a handful still works for those who still need it. One of these organizations, Children Tuesday, was established a day after September 11 in hopes of supporting children who were immediately affected by the attack. This non-profit founder, David Weild IV, now calls them one of the "last people standing" because they are now one of the few remaining organizations that "provide direct services to what social service groups and survivors of the attacks it's called 'Community 9-11'. "
Other well-known non-profit "stands still" include:
- The September 11 voices "built on missions provide 'votes' for those killed in the attack" and "provide case management services, focus groups, depression and anxiety screening, among other assistance for the victim's family."
- New York Expresses Thank You based on the idea of ​​reaching out and giving back to "the community that helps the city when it needs it most"
- The Windows of Hope Family Relief Fund is "providing financial assistance, health insurance, and educational assistance to the families of hotel industry workers killed in the attack."
Military support
Civil Air Patrol
Immediately after the attack, members of Civil Air Patrol (CAP) were summoned to help respond. The Northeastern Region places their territory's personnel and assets on new alert moments after they learn about the attack. With the exception of CAP, civil aviation is grounded by the Federal Aviation Administration. CAP flew air surveillance missions over Ground Zero, to provide a detailed analysis of the ruins and to assist in relief efforts, including blood donation transport.
National Guard
Elements of the New York Army National Guard (Staten Island) 1-101 New York Army Guard (Staten Island), 258 Field Artillery, and the 69th Manhattan-based Infantry Regiment were the first military forces to secure Ground Zero on September 11. The 69th Infantry on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to help people find missing family members.
The National Guard complements the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guards at the scene the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York National Army and Air National Guards participated in the rescue/recovery effort. They do secure the location in the WTC, and at other locations. They provide the NYPD with support for traffic control, and they participate directly in the recovery operation providing labor in the form of "bucket brigade" sorting the debris by hand.
In addition members of the service provide security at various locations throughout the city and New York State to prevent further attacks and convince the public.
Airlift Wing 109 members from the National Air Guard out of Scotia, and Fighter Wing 174 from Syracuse responded immediately to New York City, setting up camp in places like Fort Hamilton. Most of the civil engineers, firefighters and military police, they are very helpful in cleaning efforts. The F-16s from Fighter Wing 174 also boosted their flying shots and patrolled the sky.
The New Jersey National Guard assists New York National Guard efforts following the attack.
AS. Marine Corps
US Marines are also present to help rescue efforts. There is no official number of people who help out, but there is evidence that they are there. Films like dokudrama 2006 World Trade Center talked about two marines who rescued two policemen trapped in the rubble. US Marines are headquartered at 340 Westside Hwy Bloomberg News Building. The commanding officer was the Commander of the Hardy Navy, and the executive officer was Maj Priester. Both oversee 110 military personnel from various branches, various police departments and EMT.
The US Navy deploys hospital ships USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) to Pier 92 in Manhattan. Crew members provide food and shelter for more than 10,000 aid workers. The 24-hour Comfort Kitchen also provides an impressive 30,000 meals. His medical resources are also used to provide first-aid and pain relief services to nearly 600 people. The ship's psychological response team also saw more than 500 patients.
Handling cleaning procedure
The May 14, 2007, New York Times article, "The Legacy of Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani," provides an interpretation that thousands of workers at Ground Zero have fallen ill and that "many consider Mr. Giuliani's victory over leadership to come at a human cost. "The article reported that the mayor took over the Ground Zero clearance, took control of an established federal agency, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the US Army Engineer Corps, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Instead, he handed over responsibility to the "unknown" Department of Design and Construction. The document shows that the Giuliani government never imposed federal requirements requiring the use of respirators. At the same time, the government threatens firms with dismissal if clearing work slows down.
Workers in the Ground Zero pit work without proper respirators. They wear masks of painters or no face mask. Specialists claim that the only effective protection against toxins, such as asbestos in the air, is a special respirator. New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health industrial hygienist David Newman said, "I was there watching people work without respirators." He continued, "Someone else releases a respirator to eat, it's an absurd, ridiculous, and unacceptable situation."
Local EPA offices set aside regional EPA offices. Dr. Cate Jenkins, an EPA scientist reporter, said that on 12 September 2001, a regional EPA office offered to deliver 30 to 40 electron microscopes to the WTC pit to test bulk dust samples for the presence of asbestos fibers. In contrast, local offices choose the less effective methods of polarized light microscopy testing. Dr. Jenkins alleges that the local office refused, saying, "We do not want you fucking cowboys here.The best thing they can do is assign you back to Alaska."
Health effects
There are many health problems caused by toxins. 99% of exposed firefighters reported at least one new breathing problem while working on a World Trade Center site they had never experienced before. Chronic respiratory disease is a major lung injury among firefighters exposed to toxins during 9/11. Six years after the attack, among those who never smoked, about 13% of firefighters and 22% of EMS had a malfunctioning lung as well as others around the same age. The steep decline in lung function has been a problem since it was first detected among firefighters and EMS in one year 9/11 has survived. More and more Ground Zero workers are affected by the disease, such as cancer. Between September 11, 2001 and 2008, there were 263 new cases of cancer found in 8,927 male firefighters responding to the 9/11 attacks. This number is 25 more than expected from men of the same age group and race. There was a 19% increase in overall cancer, among firefighters who responded to attacks and those not exposed to toxins from responding to the attacks on September 11.
On January 30, 2007, Ground Zero workers and groups such as Sierra Club and Heroes, Herung, Helped Hero meet on Ground Zero site and urged President George Bush to spend more money on aid for sick Ground Zero workers. They say that the $ 25 million that Bush pledged for sick workers is not enough. A Long Island iron worker, John Sferazo, at a protest rally said, "Why do you need 5½ years to meet us, Mr. President?"
Firefighters, police and their unions, have criticized Mayor Rudy Giuliani for the issue of protective equipment and diseases after the attacks. An October study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health says that cleaning workers do not have adequate protective equipment. Executive Director of the National Fraternal Order of Police reportedly said of Giuliani: "Everyone loves Churchillian leaders who jump when ash still falls and take over, but two or three good days do not lose eight years of recording." Sally Regenhard, said, "There are a large number of FDNY families, FDNY members, former and current, and civil families who want to expose the true failure of the Giuliani government when it comes to 9/11." He told the New York Daily News that he intended to "Swift Boat" Giuliani.
Various health programs emerged after the attack to provide treatment for 9/11 related diseases among respondents, recovery workers, and other victims. When the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act became federal law in January 2011, these programs were replaced by the World Trade Center Health Program.
Investigation
Immediately after the attack, New York City commissioned McKinsey & amp; The company investigated the responses of the New York City Fire Department and the New York City Police Department and made recommendations on how to respond more effectively to such large-scale emergencies in the future.
Officials with the International Fighters Association also criticized Rudy Giuliani for failing to support modern radios that might have saved the lives of more firefighters. Some firefighters have never heard the order of evacuation and died in the tower collapse.
Estimated cost
Estimated total cost, as of 3 October 2001
- $ 5 billion for debris removal
- $ 14 billion for reconstruction
- $ 3 billion overtime pay for uniformed workers
- $ 1 billion for replacement of destroyed vehicles and equipment
- (one accident fire department vehicle costs $ 400,000)
Reconstruction
The World Trade Center rebuilding plan began in July 2002 led by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. There are many proposals on how to rebuild the World Trade Center, but many do not have creativity. Some architects were selected during this construction process, but all of them had many problems with the design. The 2008 financial crisis also forced the construction process to the Port Authority; however, the construction of the Port Authority did not go as smoothly as planned. City officials are looking for better ways to reduce problems and delays. Completion of World Trade Center construction is scheduled for 2016. On September 11, 2017, three of the seven planned buildings have been completed, as well as the transportation center, 9/11 Memorial, and Liberty Park.
See also
- anthrax attacks of 2001
- Communications during the September 11, 2001 attacks
- The health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks
- September 11, 2001 radio communication
- World Trade Center Health Program
References
Note
Bibliography
-
Bull, Chris; Sam Erman (2002). At Ground Zero: The Young Journalist who is there tells their story . Mouth Quake Press. ISBNÃ, 1-56025-427-0. - Dwyer, Jim and Flynn, Kevin. 102 Minutes: Unspeakable Story of the Struggle to Survive in the Twin Towers Times Books (2004)
External links
New York Times:
Other:
- Correspondent 9/11 Radio Fire Department, New York City, 9/11/2001 Audio recording of first respondent communication
- Ground Zero Museum Workshop, a virtual photo gallery dedicated to recovery workers at The Pile
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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