Rock and roll (often written as rock & amp; roll or rock 'n' roll ) is a popular genre of music that originated and evolved in America United in the late 1940s and early 1950s from African American music styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues, along with country music. While the elements of what became rock and roll can be heard in the blues records of the 1920s and in 1930s country records, the genre did not get its name until 1954.
According to Greg Kot, "rock and roll" refers to the style of popular music originating in the United States in the 1950s before its development in the mid-1960s became "a wider international style known as rock music, though the latter also continues. " known as rock and roll. "For the purpose of differentiation, this article discusses the first definition.
In the earliest rock and roll style, piano or saxophone is usually the main instrument, but this instrument is generally replaced or coupled with guitars in the mid to late 1950s. Knock is basically a dance rhythm with an emphasized backbeat, which is almost always provided by a snare drum. Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), double bass or string bass or (after mid 1950s) electric bass guitar, and drum kit.
Beyond just the style of music, rock and roll, as seen in movies, in fan magazines and on television, is influenced by lifestyle, fashion, attitude, and language. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teenagers enjoy music. It keeps raising genres, often without the initial characteristic backbeats, which are now more commonly referred to simply "rock music" or "rock".
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Terminology
The term "rock and roll" now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica , on the other hand, considers it a music dating from the mid-1950s and later developed "into a broader international style known as rock music".
The phrase "rocking and rolling" originally described the movement of ships in the oceans, but was used in the early twentieth century, both to describe the spiritual spirit of black church rituals and as a sexual analogy. Gospel, blues and swing recordings used this phrase before being used more often - but still intermittently - in the 1940s, on recordings and reviews of what came to be known as "rhythm and blues" music aimed at black audiences.
In 1934, the song "Rock and Roll" by Boswell Sisters appeared in the movie Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round. In 1942, Billboard Maurice Orodenker's magazine columnist began using the term "rock-and-roll" to describe an optimistic recording like "Rock Me" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. In 1943, the "Rock and Roll Inn" in South Merchantville, New Jersey, was established as a music venue. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this style of music while popularizing the phrase to describe it.
Maps Rock and roll
Early rock and roll
Origins
The origin of rock and roll has been fiercely debated by commentators and music historians. There is general agreement that it appears in the southern United States - the area that will generate most of the early rock and roll action - through meetings of influences that embody the African musical traditions with European instrumentation. Migrating many ex-slaves and their descendants to major downtown like St. Louis, Memphis, New York City, Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and Buffalo (See: Second Big Migration (African American)) means that blacks and whites live at greater distances in greater numbers than before, and as a result hear each other's music and even begin to imitate their respective modes. Radio stations that make black and white music available to both groups, the development and distribution of phonograph records, and African-American music styles such as jazz and swing taken by white musicians, aided the process of "cultural collision".
The main roots of rock and roll lie in rhythm and blues, later called "racing music", and country music in the 1940s and 1950s. Significant influences are jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The commentators differ in their view of which forms are most important and to what extent the new music is a re-branding of African-American rhythms and blues for the white market, or new hybrids of black and white forms.
In the 1930s, jazz, and especially swing, both in urban-based dance bands and blues-influenced country swings (Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and other similar singers), were among the first to present African-American sounds in part big white skin. audience. One of the great examples of jazz songs with known rock and roll elements is Big Joe Turner with single pianist Pete Johnson in 1939 Roll 'Em Pete, considered an important precursor to rock and roll. The 1940s saw an increasing use of the blaring horns (including saxophone), shouted lyrics and boogie woogie beats in jazz-based music. During and immediately after World War II, with fuel shortages and limitations on the audience and available personnel, large jazz bands were less economical and tend to be replaced by smaller combos, using guitars, bass and drums. In the same period, especially on the West Coast and in the Midwest, the development of blues jumped, with guitar riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, illustrating many later developments. In the documentary film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll , Keith Richards proposed that Chuck Berry develop his rock and roll brand, transmitting two piano lead jumping leads directly to an electric guitar, creating what was instantly recognizable as rock guitar. Similarly, the boogie state and Chicago electric blues provided many elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Inspired by electric blues, Chuck Berry introduces aggressive guitar sounds to rock and roll, and sets up an electric guitar as the center, adapting his band's rock instrumentation from the basic blues band instrumentation of the main guitar, second chord instrument, bass and drum.
Rock and roll arrived at a time of considerable technological change, soon after the development of electric guitars, amplifiers and microphones, and a record 45 rpm. There are also changes in the recording industry, with the emergence of independent labels such as Atlantic, Sun and Chess serving a niche audience and a similar rise in radio stations that play their music. It was the realization that relatively wealthy white teenagers were listening to this music that led to the development of what should be defined as rock and roll as different genres. Since the development of rock and roll is an evolutionary process, no single record can be identified as the first "rock and roll record". Competitors for the title of "first rock and roll record" include "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino (1949), Sister Rosetta Tharpe "Strange Things Happening Everyday" (1944), Goree Carter's "Rock Awhile" (1949), Jimmy Preston's " Rock the Joint "(1949), which was later covered by Bill Haley & amp; His comet in 1952, "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), was recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in March 1951. In terms of its extensive cultural impact on the entire community in the US and elsewhere, Rock Around the Clock Bill Haley, recorded in April 1954 but not commercially successful until the following year, is generally recognized as an important milestone, but preceded by many recordings of the previous decade in which elements rock and roll elements can be seen clearly.
Other artists with early rock and roll songs include Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent. The 1955 Chuck Berry classic "Maybellene" in particular features a distorted guitar solo guitar with a warm tone created by a small valve amplifier. However, the use of distortions was preceded by electric blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Guitar Slim, Willie Johnson of the band Howlin 'Wolf, and Pat Hare; the latter two also used distorted power chords in the early 1950s. Also in 1955, Bo Diddley introduced the "Bo Diddley beat" and unique electric guitar style, influenced by African and Afro-Cuban music and in turn influenced many later artists.
Rockabilly
Rockabilly typically (but not exclusively) refers to the type of rock and roll music that was played and recorded in the mid-1950s primarily by white singers such as Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Jerry Lee Lewis, who drew mainly at roots country music. Many other popular rock and roll singers, such as Fat Domino and Little Richard, emerge from the tradition of rhythm and black blues, making music appealing to white audiences, and are not usually classified as "rockabilly".
Bill Flagg, who is a Connecticut resident, began referring to a mixture of hillbilly and rock 'n' roll music as rockabilly circa 1953. The song "Guitar Rock" is considered classical rockabilly.
In July 1954, Elvis Presley recorded a regional hit "That's All Right" at Sam Phillips' Sun Studio in Memphis. Three months earlier, on April 12, 1954, Bill Haley & amp; His comet recorded "Rock Around the Clock". Although it was only a small hit when it was first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie Blackboard Jungle a year later, he set the rock and roll boom in motion. This song became one of the greatest hits in history, and teenagers gathered to see Haley and Comet do it, causing unrest in several cities. "Rock Around the Clock" is a breakthrough for the group and for all rock and roll music. If everything comes before laying the foundation, "Rock Around the Clock" introduces music to a global audience.
In 1956, the advent of rockabilly was underlined by the success of songs like "Folsom Prison Blues" by Johnny Cash, "Blue Suede Shoes" by Perkins and the # 1 hit "Heartbreak Hotel" by Presley. For several years, this became the most commercially successful rock and roll form. Later, rockabilly acts, especially performing songwriters like Buddy Holly, will be a major influence on the British Invasion and especially on The Beatles' songwriting and through them on the nature of rock music later on.
Doo wop
Doo wop is one of the most popular forms of rhythm and blues of the 1950s, often compared to rock and roll, with an emphasis on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics (from which the genre gets its name), usually supported by light instrumentation. Its origins are in African-American vocal groups of the 1930s and 40s, such as the Ink Places and Mills Brothers, who have enjoyed commercial success with arrangements based on close harmony. They were followed by the 1940s R & amp; B vocal actions such as the Orioles, Ravens and Clovers, which inject strong elements of the traditional gospel and, increasingly, blues bell energy. In 1954, when rock and roll began to emerge, a number of similar actions began to shift from R & amp; B to mainstream success, often with additional horn and sax sounds, with Crows, Penguins, El Dorados and Turbans all scoring big hits. Despite the subsequent explosion in the notes of doo wop acting in the 50s, many failed to make a graphic or a one-hit miracle. Exceptions include Platters, with songs including "The Great Pretender" (1955) and Coasters with funny songs like "Yakety Yak" (1958), both ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the era. Toward the end of the decade, more and more white-Italian singers, who took Doo Wop, created all-white groups such as Mystic and Dion and Belmont and racially integrated groups like Del-Viking and Impalas. Doo wop will be a major influence on surf, soul and early Merseybeat surf vocals, including the Beatles.
cover version
Many early white rock and roll hits that include or partially rewrote from previous black rhythms and blues or blues songs. Through the late 1940s and early 1950s, music R & amp; B has gained a stronger tap and a more wild style, with artists like Fats Domino and Johnny Otis speeding up the tempo and increasing the backbeat to great popularity on the circuit alongside the juke. Prior to Freed and other attempts, black music was taboo in many white-owned radio outlets, but artists and producers quickly realized the potential for rock and roll. Some of Presley's early recordings include black rhythm and blues songs, such as "That's All Right", "Baby Let's Play House", "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" and "Hound Dog". However, the racial lines are somewhat obscured by the fact that some of the songs R & amp; B originally recorded by black artists has been written by white songwriters, such as Jerry Leiber's team and Mike Stoller. Credit songwriting is often unreliable; many publishers, record executives, and even managers (both white and black) will enter their names as composers to collect royalty checks.
The cover was a habit in the music industry at the time; it is made very easy by the terms of compulsory license of United States copyright law (still valid). One of the first relevant successful covers is Wynonie Harris's transformation of Roy Brown in 1947 blues hit original hit "Good Rocking Tonight" to a more striking rocker and rocker Louis Prima "Oh Babe" in 1950, as well as the cover of Amos Milburn about what was possible has become the first record of white rock and roll, Hardrock Gunter "Birmingham Bounce" in 1949. The most prominent trend, however, is the white pop cover of R & amp; B black. The more familiar voice of this blanket may be more suitable for white audiences, there may be an element of prejudice, but the label aimed at the white market also has a much better distribution network and is generally much more profitable. Famous, Pat Boone recorded sterilized versions of songs recorded by the likes of Fats Domino, Little Richard, Flamingos and Ivory Joe Hunter. Later, when the songs became popular, the original artist recording also received a radio game.
The cover version is not always a direct imitation. For example, Bill Haley's ineligible cover of "Shake, Rattle and Roll" transforms Big Joe Turner's cute and obscene story of adult love into an energetic teenage dance number, while Georgia Gibbs replaces sarcastic Etta James's vocals in "Roll With Me, Henry "(covered as" Dance With Me, Henry ") with a more apt performances vocal for an audience unfamiliar with the song that is the answer to James's song" Work With Me, Annie "Hank Ballard. The rock and roll version of Elvis 'Hound Dog', taken primarily from versions recorded by pop bands Freddie Bell and Bellboys, is quite different from the blues shouter that Big Mama Thornton had recorded four years earlier. Another white artist who recorded the cover version of rhythm & amp; blues songs including Gale Storm [Smiley Lewis' "I Hear You Knockin '"], The Diamonds [The Gladiolas' "Little Darlin" and Frankie Lymon & amp; Teens "Why Do Fools Fall In Love?"], Crew Cuts [the Chords '"Sh-Boom" and Nappy Brown "Do not Be Angry"], The Fountain Sisters [The Jewels' "Hearts of Stone"} and Sister- sister of Maguire [The Moonglows' "Sincerely"].
Decline
Some commentators suggest the decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash (February 1959), Elvis's departure for service in the United States Army (March 1958), his retirement Little Richard became a preacher (October 1957), scandal surrounding Jerry's marriage Lee Lewis with his thirteen-year-old cousin (May 1958), the arrest of Chuck Berry (December 1959), and the outbreak of the Payola scandal involving the main characters, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs (November 1959) gives the impression that the early stages of rock and roll have ended.
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Elvis Presley's gross voices, Gene Vincent, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Buddy Holly were commercially replaced by more shiny rock and roll styles. Marketing often emphasizes the physical appearance of the artist and not the music, contributing to the success of Rick Nelson's career, Tommy Sands, Bobby Vee, and Philadelphia trio Bobby Rydell, Frankie Avalon and Fabian, all becoming "teen idols."
Some music historians also point to important and innovative developments built on rock and roll in this period, including multitrack recording, developed by Les Paul, electronic sound treatment by innovators such as Joe Meek, and Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound" productions, continued desegregation of the charts, the rise of surf music, garage rock, and the crazy Twist dance. Surf rock in particular, noted for the use of reverb guitar, became one of the most popular forms of American rock in the 1960s.
English rock and roll
In the 1950s, Britain was well placed to accept American rock and roll music and culture. It shares the same language, has been exposed to American culture through the deployment of troops in the country, and shares many social developments, including the emergence of different youth sub-cultures, which in England include Teddy Boys and rockers. Trad Jazz became popular, and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles, including boogie woogie and blues. The skiffle madness, led by Lonnie Donegan, uses versions of American folk songs and drives many generations of rock and roll, folk, R & amp; B and beat the musicians to start performing. At the same time British audiences began to discover American rock and roll, originally through films including Blackboard Jungle (1955) and Rock Around the Clock (1955). Both films contain Bill Haley & amp; His comets hit "Rock Around the Clock", which first entered the UK charts beginning in 1955 - four months before reaching the US charts - occupied the UK charts that year and again in 1956, and helped identify rock and roll with teen crime. American rock and roll acted like Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry and Carl Perkins afterwards became a major force on the UK charts.
The early response of the British music industry is to try to produce copies of American recordings, recorded with session musicians and often fronted by teen idols. More and more British rock and rock are starting to emerge, including Wee Willie Harris and Tommy Steele. During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant; However, in 1958 the British produced the first original song and rock and roll star, when Cliff Richard reached number 2 on the charts with "Move It". At the same time, TV shows like Six-Five Special and Oh Boy! promoting British rock and rollers careers such as Marty Wilde and Adam Faith. Cliff Richard and his backing band, the Shadows, are the most successful films in the country. Other notable acts include Billy Fury, Joe Brown, and Johnny Kidd & amp; Pirates, whose 1960 hit song "Shakin 'All Over" became the standard rock and roll.
Since the interest of rock and roll began to subside in America in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it was taken by groups in major urban centers of England such as Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and London. Around the same time, a British blues scene developed, originally led by pure blues followers such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies who were directly inspired by American musicians such as Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters and Howlin 'Wolf. Many groups move toward rhythm and blues rhythms and blues from skiffle, such as Quarrymen being the Beatles, resulting in rock and roll revivalism that led them and many other groups to national success from around 1963 and internationally. the success of 1964, known in America as the British Invasion. Groups that follow The Beatles include Freddie and Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits and Dave Clark Five. Early British rhythm and blues groups with more blues influences including Animals, Rolling Stones, and Yardbirds.
Cultural impact
Rock and roll influences lifestyle, fashion, attitude, and language. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teenagers enjoy music.
Many early rock and roll songs deal with car, school, dating, and clothing problems. Rock and roll lyrics describe events and conflicts that most listeners can hear through personal experience. Topics such as sex that are generally considered taboo begin to appear in the lyrics of rock and roll. This new music is trying to break the boundaries and express the emotions that people really feel but have not talked about yet. The resurrection began to happen in the culture of American youth.
Race
In an African-American "musical race" crossover for a growing white youth audience, the popularization of rock and roll involves both black players reaching white audiences and white musicians performing African-American music. Rock and roll emerged as racial tensions in the United States entered a new phase, with the beginning of the civil rights movement for desegregation, leading to a US Supreme Court ruling that abolished "separate but equal" policies in 1954, but abandoned the policy to be very difficult to enforce in some parts of the United States. The presence of white youth and black music audiences in rock and roll definitely triggered a strong white racial reaction in the United States, with many white people condemning color-barrier breakdowns. Many observers see rock and roll as touting the way for desegregation, in creating new forms of music that encourage racial cooperation and sharing experiences. Many authors argue that early rock and roll played a role in the way white and black teenagers identify themselves.
Teen culture
Some rock historians claim that rock and roll is one of the first musical genres to determine the age group. It gives teenagers a sense of belonging, even when they are alone. Rock and roll is often identified by the emergence of youth culture among the first baby boomers, who have relatively greater prosperity and leisure and adopt rock and roll as part of a different subculture. It involves not only music, radio absorption, record purchases, jukeboxes and TV programs like American Bandstand , but also extended to movies, clothes, hair, cars and motorcycles, and distinctive language. The youth culture exemplified by rock and roll is a source of recurring concern for older generations, who worry about juvenile delinquency and social uprising, especially since rock and roll culture is largely owned by racial and social groups.
In America, the concerns are conveyed even in the cultural artifacts of young people such as comic books. In "No No Romance in Rock and Roll" from True Life Romance (1956), a challenging teenager dating a rock and roll-loving man but dropping him for a man who likes traditional adult music - for him parental help. In Britain, where postwar wars are more limited, the rock and roll culture becomes attached to the already existing Teddy Boy movement, mostly from the working class, and finally to the rockers. Rock and roll has been seen as a reorientation of popular music to the youth market, as in Dion and Belmonts "A Teenager in Love" (1960).
Dance style
From the early 1950s early to early 1960s, rock and roll gave birth to a new dance frenzy including a twist. Teenagers find a syncope backbeat rhythm that is perfect for reviving jitterbug dance Big Band era. Socks leaps, school and church sports dances, and dance parties in the basement became anger, and American teens watched Dick Clark's American Bandstand movies to follow the latest dance and fashion styles. Since the mid-1960s, when "rock and roll" was renamed "rock", the dance genre was followed, leading to funk, disco, home, techno, and hip hop.
Note
References
External links
- Rock music in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Record of Camp Meeting Jubilee 1910
- Smithsonian history of electric guitar
- Stone History
- Youngtown Rock and Roll Museum - Omemee, Ontario
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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