silhouette is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid form of one color, usually black, with the edges corresponding to the outline of the subject. The inside of the silhouette is devoid of properties, and the whole is usually presented on a light background, usually white, or not at all. The silhouette is different from the outline, which describes the edges of objects in linear form, while the silhouette appears as a solid form. Silhouette images can be made in every visual artistic medium, but are first used to describe pieces of cut paper, which are then taped to the backing in contrasting colors, and are often framed.
Cutting portraits, commonly in profiles, of black cards became popular in the mid-18th century, though the term silhouette was rarely used until the early decades of the 19th century, and tradition continued under this name into the 21st century. They represent a cheap but effective alternative to miniature portraits, and skilled specialist artists can trim portraits of high-quality breasts, by far the most common style, within minutes, working purely by the eye. Other artists, especially from about 1790, drew an outline on paper, then painted it, which could be just as fast.
From the original graphic meaning, the term silhouette has been expanded to illustrate the sight or representation of a person, object or scene that is backlit, and appears dark with a brighter background. Whatever comes up in this way, for example, the figure standing behind the light in the doorway, can be described as "in silhouette". Because the silhouette emphasizes the outline, the word has also been used in the field of fashion and fitness to describe a person's body shape or form created by wearing a certain style or period outfit.
Video Silhouette
Etymology and Origin
The word silhouette is derived from the name ÃÆ' â € ° tienne de Silhouette, a French finance minister who, in 1759, was forced by the French credit crisis during the Seven Years War to impose heavy economic demands on the French, the rich. Due to the harsh de Silhouette economy, its name becomes synonymous with whatever is done or made cheaply and with this outline portrait. Prior to the advent of photography, the silhouette profile cut from the black card was the cheapest way to record a person's appearance.
The term silhouette , although there from the 18th century, was not applied to the art of portraiture until the 19th century. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the "profile" or "shadow" when they were called was made by one of three methods:
- painted on ivory, plaster, paper, card, or upside down in glass;
- "hollow-cut" where the negative image is tracked and then cut from light-colored paper which is then placed on a dark background; and
- "cut and paste" in which the figure is cut from dark (usually hands-free) paper and then affixed to a light background.
Maps Silhouette
History
The origin of myth
This silhouette is closely related in mythology to the origins of art. Pliny the Elder, in his book Natural History (circa 77-79 AD) Books XXXIV and XXXV, recounts the origins of the painting. In Chapter 5 of Book XXXV, he writes,
"We have no certain knowledge of the start of painting, nor does this investigation fall under our consideration.The Egyptians assert that it was found among themselves, six thousand years before it passed to Greece; it boasted in vain, it was For the people - Greeks, some say that it was found in Sicyon, others in Corinth, but they all agree that it comes from a line of rods around the human shadow [... omnes umbra hominis lineis circumducta]. " In Chapter 15, he tells the story of Butades of Corinth:
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- "Butades, a potter from Sicyon, was the first to discover, in Corinth, the art of modeling portraits on earth that he used in his trade.That was through his daughter that he made the discovery, was in love with a young man who will set off on a long journey, tracing the profile of his face, as thrown to the wall by the light of the umbram ex facie eius ad lucernam in the pariete lineis circumscripsit.) After seeing this, his father fills the outline, clay on the surface, and make a face of relief, which is then hardened by fire along with other pottery. "
- In accordance with the myth, the Black-figure pottery painting, also known as the style of black or black ceramic images (Greek, ?????????, melanomorpha, common between the 7th and 5th century BC) employing silhouettes and characteristic profiles of views of figures and objects on pottery shapes. The pot itself shows robust outlines that are indicators of their purpose, as well as decorative.
Profile picture
For portrayal of portraits, profile images have marked an advantage over full-face images in many circumstances, as they depend heavily on the proportions and relationships of bone structure on the face (forehead, nose and chin) making the image clear and simple. For this reason, portrait profiles have been used in coins since Roman times. The early Renaissance period saw the fashion for portrait painted profiles and the likes of Federico da Montefeltro and Ludovico Sforza portrayed in profile portraits. Portrait profiles are closely related to silhouette.
Recent research at Stanford University suggests that where previous studies of facial recognition have been based on frontal views, studies with silhouettes show that humans are able to extract accurate information about the gender and age of the silhouette itself. This is an important concept for artists who design characters for visual media, because silhouettes are the most recognizable and recognizable form of characters.
The rise in popularity and development in the nineteenth century
A silhouette portrait can be painted or drawn. However, the traditional method for making a silhouette portrait is to cut it from a thin black cardboard, and install it on a pale background (usually white). This is the work of specialist artists, often working in booths at exhibitions or markets, whose trades compete with the more expensive miniaturists protected by the rich. A traditional silhouette portrait artist will cut a person's image, with his hands free, within minutes. Some modern silhouette artists also make a silhouette portrait of the photos of people taken in the profile. These profile pictures are often long head and shoulders (breasts), but can also be full length.
Physiognomist Johann Caspar Lavater's work, which uses silhouettes to analyze facial types, is thought to have promoted art. Artist of the 18th century silhouette, August Edouart cut thousands of portraits in duplicate. The subjects included French and English nobles and US presidents. Most of his personal collections are lost in shipwreck. In England, the most famous silhouette artist, the painter is not the cutter, is John Miers, who travels and works in various cities, but has a studio on the Strand in London. He advertises "three minute sittings," and the cost may reach half the crowns around 1800. Miers superior products can be in grisaille, with fine highlights added with gold or yellow, and some examples may be painted on various backing, including gesso, glass or ivory. The size is usually small, with many being designed to fit the pendant, but if not, a statue with a height of about 3 to 5 inches is typical, with a half or full portrait full of larger proportions.
In America, silhouettes are very popular from around 1790 to 1840.
The physionotrace apparatus invented by the French Gilles-Louis ChrÃÆ' © tien in 1783-84 facilitated the production of a silhouette portrait by employing a mechanical pantograph to transmit tracing (through the eyepiece) from the silhouette of the subject's profile to the moving needle on the engraving plate, from which several copies of the portrait can be printed. The discovery of photography suggests the end of the silhouette as a widespread form of portraiture.
Maintaining traditions
The skill was not lost, and the traveling silhouette artist continued to work at the country exhibition into the 20th century. The popularity of the silhouette portrait is being reborn in a new generation of people who value silhouettes as a nostalgic way of capturing important events. In the United States and British silhouette artists have websites that advertise their services at weddings and other functions. In the UK there is a group of active silhouette artists. In Australia, S. John Ross applied his scissors at a farming event for 60 years until his death in 2008. Other artists such as Douglas Carpenter produced silhouette pictures using pens and ink.
Silhouettes in art, media and illustration
Since the end of the 18th century, silhouette artists have also created small scenes that were cut from the card and mounted on contrasting backgrounds such as portraits. These photos, known as "pieces of paper", often, but not necessarily, silhouette images. Among the 19th century artists to work in this way was the author of Hans Christian Andersen. Modern artist Robert Ryan creates complex images with this technique, sometimes using it to produce silk prints.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries some illustrators used similar design appearances to illustrate books. The silhouette image can be easily printed by cheaper blocks for production and more durable than detailed black and white illustrations.
The silhouette image sometimes appears in early 20th century books in relation to color plates. (The color plates are expensive to produce and are each attached to the book by hand.) Illustrators that produce current silhouette images include Arthur Rackham and William Heath Robinson. In breaking through the literal realism, the artists of the Vorticist, Futurist and Cubist movement use silhouettes. The late 20th century illustrators to work in the silhouette include Jan Pienkowski and Jan Ormerod. In the early 1970s, the French artist Philippe Derome used black cut silhouettes in black portraits. In the 21st century, American artist Kara Walker developed the use of this silhouette to present racial issues in the face of images.
Shadow theater
Originating in orientation with traditions such as the Indonesian shadow theater, shadow games became popular entertainment in Paris during the 18th and 19th centuries. In Paris at the end of the 19th century, the shadow theater was primarily associated with the Le Chat Noir cabaret where Henri RiviÃÆ'¨re is the designer.
Movies
Since their pioneering use by Lotte Reiniger in silent films, silhouettes have been used for various icons, graphics, emotional, or otherwise for distance, effects in many films. This includes many James Bond movie opening credit sequences. The opening sequence of the Alfred Hitchcock Presents television series featured Alfred Hitchcock's silhouette profile that stepped into a caricature line about himself, and in his film Psycho, the killer in the bath scene manifests as a frightening silhouette. A scene from E.T. which shows the central character on a flying bike that silhouets against the full moon into a famous movie poster. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 contains an animated sequence in the silhouette that depicts the short stories of The Tale of Three Brothers embedded in the film. This sequence was produced by Ben Hibon for Framestore, with Alexis Lidell's artwork.
Silhouettes have also been used by recording artists in music videos. One example is a video for "Buttons" by The Pussycat Dolls, where Nicole Scherzinger is seen in silhouette. Michael Jackson uses his own distinctive silhouette on stage and in videos like "You Rock My World". Early iPod ads depicted silhouette dancers who wore iPods and earbuds.
The cult television program Mystery Science Theater 3000 features three main characters from the series that watch movies as silhouettes at the bottom of the screen.
Architecture
The architectural discipline that studies the shadows cast by or on buildings is called Sciography.
The shadow game on the building was very much favored a thousand years ago as evidenced by the surviving examples of "mukarnas" art in which the shadow of a 3-dimensional ornamentation with masonry stones around the entrance of the mosque formed an image. Because images are blatantly avoided in Islam, tesselations and calligraphy images are allowed, the "unintentional" silhouette is a creative alternative.
Photography
Many photographers use the technique of photographing people, objects or landscape elements against light, to achieve images in silhouettes. Backlighting may be natural, such as overcast or open skies, fog or fog, sunset or open door (a technique known as contre-jour), or may be contrived in a studio; see low lighting. Silhouetting requires that exposure be adjusted so that there is no detail (underexposure) in the desired silhouette element, and excessive lighting for the background makes it bright; so the 16: 1 or greater lighting ratio is ideal. The Zone System is an aid to film photographers in achieving the required exposure ratios. High contrast films, film development adjustments, and/or high contrast photo paper can be used in chemical-based photography to enhance the effects in dark rooms. With digital processing, the contrast can be enhanced through contrast curve manipulation for images.
In graphic design
In the media, the term "for silhouette" is used for the process of separating or covering part of the image (such as background) so it is not visible. Traditionally, silhouettes are often used in advertisements, especially in poster designs, as they can be printed cheaply and effectively.
Other uses
Fashion and fitness
The word "silhouette", because it implies the outline of the form, has been used both in fashion and in fitness to describe the shape of a body line from a certain angle, as changed by dress in fashion, and dressed or not dressed where the fitness is concerned, which is applied here by the Powerhouse Museum). Ads for both of these areas encourage people, especially women, to achieve a particular appearance, whether with a corset, diet, or sport. This term was used in advertising in the early 20th century. Many fitness centers and fitness studios use the word "silhouette" either in their name or in their advertisements.
The costume historians also use that term when explaining the effects attained by clothing from different periods, so they may portray and compare the 1860s silhouette with other decades of the 19th century. The desired silhouette may be affected by many factors. The discovery of steel crinoline affects female silhouettes in the 1850s and 60s. Princess Alexandra's posture affects the silhouette of a British woman in the Edwardian period. View ads remaining.
Identify
Because silhouettes provide very clear images, they are often used in areas where rapid identification of an object is required. Silhouette has many practical applications. They are used for traffic signs (see picture below). They are used to identify a city or country with a silhouette of monuments or maps. They are used to identify natural objects such as trees, insects and dinosaurs. They are used in forensic science.
Military use
Silhouettes of ships, planes, tanks, and other military vehicles are used by soldiers and sailors to learn to identify different crafts.
Journalism
For interviews, some individuals choose to be recorded in silhouettes to cover their facial features and protect their anonymity, usually accompanied by a voice dubbed. This is done when individuals may be threatened if they are known to be interviewed.
Target firearms
Target human silhouette
Target siluet manusia digunakan untuk pelatihan senjata militer, polisi dan sipil.
Target siluet metalik
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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