Basketball

src: www.fbschool.org

Basketball is a team sport played on a rectangular pitch. Although most often played as a team sport with five players on each side, three against three, two against two, and one-on-one competitions are also common. The goal is to shoot basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter through a circle of 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3,048 m) in height that is attached to the board at each end of the field. in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith.

A team can score on the pitch by shooting the ball past the basket maintained by the opposing team during the regular game. Score field goals are three points for the shooting team if players shoot from behind the three-point line, and two points if shot from the front of the line. A team can also score through a free throw, which is worth one point, after another team is judged with a specific offense. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but extra time (overtime) is mandated when the score is tied at the end of the rule. The ball can advance in court by giving it to a teammate, or by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling). It is a violation to lift, or drag, the foot of a person's axle without dribbling, to carry it, or hold the ball with both hands then continue dribbling.

The game has many individual techniques for displaying skills - ball handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking, and rebounding. The basketball team generally has a player position: the highest and strongest members of the team are called center or forward forces, while slightly shorter and more agile players are called small forward players, and the shortest players or those with the best ball handling skills are called point guards or shooting guard. The point guard directs to the team's court action, implements the coach's game plan, and manages the offensive and defensive play (player position).

Basketball is one of the most popular and widely seen sports in the world. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's most significant professional basketball league in terms of popularity, salary, talent, and level of competition. Outside of North America, top clubs from the national league are eligible for continental championships such as the Euroleague League and FIBA ​​â € <â €

The FIBA ​​Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature the top national team of the continental championship. Major League of North America is WNBA (NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular), while the strongest European clubs participate in EuroLeague Women.

Video Basketball

History

Creation

In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith from Canada, a professor of physical education and instructor at the International Young Men Christian Association (YMCA) Training School (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, tries to maintain his active gamnya class on a rainy day. He searched for a powerful indoor game to keep his students busy and at the right level of fitness during the long winter of New England. After rejecting other ideas as being too rough or unsuitable for a walled gym, he wrote the ground rules and nailed the peach basket to a 10ft (3.0m) high-speed landing. In contrast to modern basketball nets, this peach basket retains its base, and the ball must be taken manually after every "basket" or point is printed; This proved inefficient, so that the bottom of the basket was removed, allowing the ball to be gouged with long spikes each time.

The basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The rounded balls of this "football association" were made, at that time, with a set of ropes to cover the holes required to insert an inflatable bladder after the other parts sewn together from the ball cover had been turned on the outside. This rope can cause bounce jumps and lead to unpredictability. Finally a free lace ball method is found, and the changes in this game are supported by Naismith. (Whereas in American football, lace construction proved to be advantageous to grip and remains to this day.) The first ball was made especially for the brown basketball, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, looking for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators, introducing the now commonly used orange balls. Dribbling is not part of the original game except for a "bounce pass" for teammates. Passing the ball is the main means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by an asymmetrical initial form of the ball. Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the shape of the ball.

Peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were eventually replaced by metal circles with backboards. Further changes are made immediately, so the ball just passes. Every time someone gets the ball in the basket, his team will earn points. Any team that gets the most points wins the game. The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balconies on the playground, but this proved impractical as spectators on the balcony began to interrupt the shot. The boards were introduced to prevent this disturbance; it has an additional effect that allows rebound shots. Naismith's handwritten diary, discovered by her grandchildren in early 2006, shows that she is nervous about the new game she finds, which incorporates rules from children's games called ducks on rock, as many have failed before.

Frank Mahan, one of the first original game players, approached Naismith after the Christmas holidays, in early 1892, asking him what he meant to call his new game. Naismith replied that she did not think about it because she had focused to start the game. Mahan suggests that it's called "Naismith ball", where she laughs, saying that such a name would kill any game. Mahan then said, "Why not call it a basketball?" Naismith replied, "We have baskets and balls, and I think that's a good name for it." The first official match was played at the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York, on January 20, 1892, with nine players. The match ends at 1-0; The shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), in court only half the size of the current Streetball field or National Basketball Association (NBA).

At that time, football was played with 10 teams (which increased to 11). When the winter weather is too cold to play soccer, teams are taken indoors, and it's convenient to make them split in two and play basketball with five on each side. In 1897-1898 team five became the standard.

College basket

The early followers of basketball were sent to YMCA throughout the United States, and quickly spread throughout the United States and Canada. In 1895, the school was founded in several high school women. While the YMCA is responsible for initially developing and spreading the game, within a decade it shrinks the new sport, as rough play and rowdy crowds begin to detract from YMCA's primary mission. However, other amateur sports clubs, academies and professional clubs quickly fill the void. In the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (NCAA pioneers) competed to control the rules of the game. The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploits and to promote less rough games. The league only lasted for five years.

Dr. James Naismith plays an important role in building college basketball. His colleague C.O. Beamis fielded his first college basketball team just a year after the YMCA Springfield match at the Pittsburgh Geneva College suburb. Naismith himself then trained at the University of Kansas for six years, before handing over control to the famous coach Forrest "Phog" Allen. Naismith's student, Amos Alonzo Stagg, took basketball to the University of Chicago, while Adolph Rupp, a Naismith student in Kansas, enjoyed great success as a coach at the University of Kentucky. On February 9, 1895, the first inter-game 5-on-5 game was played at Hamline University between Hamline and the School of Agriculture, affiliated with the University of Minnesota. The School of Agriculture wins in a 9-3 match.

In 1901, colleges, including the University of Chicago, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, the University of Minnesota, the US Naval Academy, the University of Colorado and Yale University began sponsoring male games. In 1905, frequent injuries on the football field prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to suggest that the college establish a governing body, resulting in the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS). In 1910, the body would be renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first Canadian basketball interuniversity game was played at the YMCA in Kingston, Ontario on February 6, 1904, when McGill University - the Naismith alma mater - visited Queen's University. McGill won 9-7 in extra time; score 7-7 at the end of the regulation game, and ten minutes overtime finishes the result. A large number of spectators watched the game.

The first national tournament championship, the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tournaments, which still exists as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) tournaments, was held in 1937. The first national championships for the NCAA team, National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in New York, in 1938; the NCAA national tournament will begin one year later. College basketball was hit by a gambling scandal from 1948 to 1951, when dozens of players from top teams were involved in match-fixing and point-shooting. Partly spurred by relationships with fraud, NIT lost support for the NCAA tournament.

High school basketball

Before the large consolidation of school districts, most American high schools were much smaller than their current counterparts. During the first decade of the twentieth century, basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport because of the equipment and the needs of its simple personnel. In the days before extensive television coverage from professional sports and college, the popularity of high school basketball was unparalleled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of the middle school team is Indiana's Franklin Wonder Five, who took over the country during the 1920s, dominated Indiana basketball and gained national recognition.

Today almost every high school in the United States guides the basketball team in a university competition. The popularity of basketball remains high, both in rural areas where they carry the identification of the entire community, as well as in some larger schools known to their basketball teams where many players continue to participate in higher competition levels after graduation. In the 2016-17 season, 980,673 boys and girls represent their schools in the interscholastic basketball competition, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations. The states of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are well known for their residents' loyalty to high school basketball, commonly called Hoosier Hysteria in Indiana; the critically acclaimed film Hoosiers shows the depth of the meaning of high school basketball for these communities.

There are currently no tournaments to determine the national high school champions. The most serious effort was the National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament at the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1930. The event was hosted by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invitations to the state champions. The tournament began as a Midwest affair largely but grew. In 1929 the country had 29 champion nations. Faced with opposition from the National Federation of State Colleges Association and the Association of North Central Colleges and Schools who endured the threat of schools losing their accreditation last tournament was in 1930. The organizations said they feared that the tournament was used to recruit professional players from the preparation rankings. The tournament does not invite minority schools or private schools/parishes.

The National Interscholastic Catholic Basketball Tournament lasted from 1924 to 1941 at Loyola University. The Catholic National Invitation Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 was played in a number of places, including Catholic University, Georgetown, and George Mason. The Interscholastic National Basketball Tournament for the Black High School was held from 1929 to 1942 at Hampton Institute. The National Interscholastic Invitational Basketball Tournament was held from 1941 to 1967 which began at the Tuskegee Institute. After the break during World War II it continued at Tennessee State College in Nashville. The basis for the champions shrunk after 1954 when Brown v. Board of Education started school integration. The last tournament was held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967.

Professional basketball

The team was abundant throughout the 1920s. There are hundreds of men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities across the United States, and a few professional game organizations. Players jump from team to team and team play in arsenal and smoky dance hall. The league comes and goes. Barnstorming teams like the original Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance Five ("Rens") and (still exist) Harlem Globetrotters play up to two hundred games a year on their national tour.

In 1946, the American Basketball Association (BAA) was formed. The first match was played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between Toronto Huskies and New York Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946. Three seasons later, in 1949, BAA joined the National Basketball League (NBL) to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). NBA). By the 1950s, basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving the way for the growth of interest in professional basketball. In 1959, a basketball fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts, where the first game. The list of names includes the names of great players, coaches, referees and people who have made a significant contribution to the development of the game. Hall of fame has people who have achieved many goals in their career in basketball. The early organization, the American Basketball Association, appeared in 1967 and briefly threatened the NBA's domination until the ABA-NBA merger in 1976. The NBA is currently the world's top professional basketball league in terms of popularity, salary, talent and level. competition.

The NBA has featured many famous players, including George Mikan, who first dominated the "big man"; the wizard handling the ball of Bob Cousy and defensive genius Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics; the charismatic center of Wilt Chamberlain, who originally played for barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters; all stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry West; other great men, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Shaquille O'Neal, Hakeem Olajuwon and Karl Malone; playmaker John Stockton, Isiah Thomas and Steve Nash; exciting people, Julius Erving and Charles Barkley; European stars Dirk Nowitzki, Pau Gasol and Tony Parker; more recent superstars LeBron James, Allen Iverson, and Kobe Bryant; and three highly credit players by delivering professional games to the highest level of popularity during the 1980s and 1990s: Larry Bird, Johnson's "Magic", and Michael Jordan.

In 2001, the NBA formed a league of development, the National Basketball Development League (later known as the D-NBA League and then the NBA G League after a branding deal with Gatorade). In the 2017-18 season, Liga G has 26 teams.

International basketball

FIBA (International Basketball Federation) was formed in 1932 by eight founding countries: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland. At this time, the organization is only watching the amateur players. The acronym, from French FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale de Basket-ball Amateur , is "FIBA". Men's basketball was first entered at the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics, although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The United States beat Canada in the first final, playing outdoors. This competition is usually dominated by the United States, whose team has won all but three titles. The first came in a controversial final match in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union, where the end of the game was played three times until the Soviet Union finally came out on top. In 1950, the first FIBA ​​World Championship for men, now known as the FIBA ​​World Cup Basketball, was held in Argentina. Three years later, the first FIBA ​​World Championship for women, now known as the FIBA ​​Women's Basketball World Cup, was held in Chile. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada with teams like the Soviet Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling American troops.

In 1989, FIBA ​​allowed the NBA professionals to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics, only European and South American teams were allowed to become field professionals in the Olympics. US domination continues with the introduction of the original Dream Team. At the 2004 Athens Olympics, the United States suffered its first Olympic loss while using professional players, falling to Puerto Rico (in 19 points loss) and Lithuania in group matches, and were eliminated in the semifinals by Argentina. Finally won bronze medal beat Lithuania, finishing behind Argentina and Italy. The Redeemer team, winning gold at the 2008 Olympics, and B-Team, won gold at the 2010 FIBA ​​World Championship in Turkey despite not featuring players from the 2008 squad. The United States continued its dominance as they won gold at the 2012 Olympics, FIBA World 2014 and 2016 Olympics.

Around the world, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls of all ages. The global popularity of sport is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Players from all six inhabited continents currently play in the NBA. The top international players started coming to the NBA in the mid-1990s, including Croatians Dra? En Petrovi? and Toni Kuko ?, Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuanian Arvydas Sabonis and? ar? nas Mar? iulionist, Dutch Rik Smits and Detlef Schrempf Germany.

In the Philippines, the first match of the Philippine Basketball Association was played on April 9, 1975 at the Araneta Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City. Philippines. It was established as a "revolt" of several teams from the now defunct Manila Industrial and Trade Association, tightly controlled by the Philippine Basketball Association (now dead), a national association that was later recognized by FIBA. Nine teams from MICAA participated in the first league season that opened on April 9, 1975. NBL is Australia's premier male professional basketball league. The league started in 1979, played winter (April-September) and did so until the completion of the 20th season in 1998. The 1998-99 season, which started just a few months later, was the first season after a shift to the summer format stream (October -April). This shift is an attempt to avoid competition directly against the various codes of Australian football. It features 8 teams from all over Australia and one in New Zealand. Several players including Luc Longley, Andrew Gaze, Shane Heal, Chris Anstey and Andrew Bogut made it great internationally, becoming a poster figure for the sport in Australia. The National Women's Basketball League started in 1981.

Female Women's basket

The women's basketball started in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after he was hired at Smith, he went to Naismith to learn more about the game. Fascinated by the new sport and values ​​he taught, he organized the first women's basketball game on March 21, 1893, when his Smith students and students played against each other. However, the first female interinstitutional game was played in 1892 between the University of California and Miss Head's School. Berenson's regulations were first published in 1899, and two years later he became editor of the first Women's Basketball Guide A. G. Spalding. The new student Berenson played a sophomore class at the first women's basketball game at Smith College, March 21, 1893. That same year, Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (trained by Clara Gregory Baer) women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had spread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. The first women's inter-college match was on April 4, 1896. Stanford's female star, Berkeley, 9-on-9, ended in a 2-1 Stanford win.

The development of women's basketball is more structured than for men in the early years. In 1905, the Executive Committee on the Basketball Rule (National Women's Basketball Committee) was formed by the American Physical Education Association. These rules require six to nine players per team and 11 officials. The International Women's Sports Federation (1924) included a women's basketball competition. 37 women's university basketball tournaments or state tournaments were held in 1925. And in 1926, the Amateur Athletic Union supported the first women's national basketball championship, complete with men's rules. The Edmonton Grads, a Canadian women's tour team based in Edmonton, Alberta, operated between 1915 and 1940. The Grads toured throughout North America, and were very successful. They recorded 522 victories and only 20 losses over that range, as they met any team that wanted to challenge them, funded their tour of the gate receipt. The Grads also shone on several exhibition trips to Europe, and won four consecutive Olympic tournament tournaments, in 1924, 1928, 1932, and 1936; However, women's basketball was not the official sport of the Olympics until 1976. The Grads players were not paid, and had to remain single. Grads style focuses on team games, without overemphasizing individual player skills. The first female AAU All-America team was chosen in 1929. Women's industry leagues have sprung up all over the United States, producing famous athletes, including Babe Didrikson of the Golden Cyclones, and All American Red Heads Team, who compete against men's teams, using male rules. In 1938, the women's national championship changed from a three-court match to a two-court match with six players per team.

The NBA supported by the National Women's Basketball Association (WNBA) started in 1997. Despite having fragile attendance figures, several marquee players (Lisa Leslie, Diana Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others) have helped the league's popularity and level of competition. Other professional women's basketball leagues in the United States, such as the American Basketball League (1996-98), have been partially folded due to the WNBA's popularity. WNBA has been seen by many as a niche league. However, the league has recently taken a step forward. In June 2007, WNBA signed a contract extension with ESPN. The new television deal runs from 2009 to 2016. Along with this deal comes the first right fee to be paid to the women's professional sports league. During the eight-year contract, "millions and millions of dollars" "spread to the league team." In a March 12, 2009 article, NBA commissioner David Stern said that in a bad economy, "the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA We are losing a lot of money among a large number of teams.We are budgeting WNBA to break even this year.

Maps Basketball

Rules and regulations

The measurements and deadlines discussed in this section often vary between tournaments and organizations; international rules and NBAs are used in this section.

The goal of the game is to outperform one's opponent by throwing the ball through the opponent's basket from above while preventing the opponent from doing it himself. The attempt to get a score this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if taken from a three point 6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in) out of the basket in international matches and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in an NBA match. A single point shot can be obtained when shooting from the line of violation after the offense is committed.

Play rules

The match is played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA). The men's game college uses two 20-minute sections, college female games using 10 minutes, and US high school games using 8 minutes. 15 minutes is allowed to break half the time under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA regulations and 10 minutes in high school USA. The overtime period is five minutes long except for high school, which is four minutes long. The team exchanged the basket for the second half. The time allowed is the actual play time; clock stops while playback is off. Therefore, games usually take longer to complete than the time the game is given, usually about two hours.

Five players from each team can be in court at one time. Substitution is not limited but can only be done when the play is stopped. The team also has a coach, who oversees team development and strategy, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and coaches.

For male and female teams, standard uniforms consist of a pair of shorts and a jersey with numbers that look clear, unique inside the team, printed on the front and back. The players wore high shoes that provided additional ankle support. Typically, team names, player names and, outside of North America, sponsors are printed on uniforms.

A limited amount of time-outs, termination of hours requested by the coach (or sometimes required in the NBA) for short meetings with the players, are allowed. They usually last no more than a minute (100 seconds in the NBA) except, for games broadcast on television, a commercial break is required.

The game is controlled by officials consisting of referees (referred to as crew chiefs in the NBA), one or two referees (referred to as referees in the NBA) and desk officials. For college, NBA, and many high schools, there are a total of three referees in court. The desk clerk is responsible for tracking every team that scores goals, timeliness, individual and team offenses, player changes, team possession arrows, and clock shot.

Tools

The only essential equipment in basketball is ball and field: flat, rectangular surface with basket on opposite end. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard, alternative ownership arrows, and whistle-stop operating systems.

The regulation basketball court in international matches is 91.9 feet (28.0 meters) long and 49.2 feet wide (15 meters) wide. In the NBA and NCAA, the court is 94 times 50 feet (29 by 15 meters). Most courts have wooden floors, usually built from a maple board that goes in the same direction as a longer court dimension. The name and logo of the home team are usually painted on or around the center circle.

The basket is a 18-inch (46 cm) diameter steel rims with attached mesh attached to the board measuring 6 times 3.5 feet (1.8 x 1.1 meters) and one The basket is on each end of the court. The white stripe box on the board is 18 inches (46 cm) high and 2 feet (61 cm) wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 meters) above the field and 4 feet (1.22 meters) inside the baseline. While variations are possible in court and board dimensions, it is considered important that the basket has the right height - a rim that only a few inches can have a detrimental effect on shooting.

The size of the basketball is also set. For men, the official ball is a circumference of 29.5 inches (75 cm) (size 7, or "295 balls") and weighs 22 oz (623.69 grams). If the woman plays, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72 cm) in circumference (size 6, or "285 ball") weighing 20 oz (567 grams). In 3x3, the formalized version of the 3-on-3 halfcourt game, a special ball with a ball size of 6 but the weight of a 7-foot ball is used in all competitions (men, women, and mixed teams).

Violation

The ball can advance toward the basket by being shot, passed between players, cast, tapped, rolled or herded (bouncing balls while running).

The ball must remain in court; the last team to touch the ball before traveling beyond the limit of losing possession. The ball is out of bounds if it touches the boundary line, or touches any player or object that is out of bounds.

There are limits placed on the steps a player can take without dribbling, which usually results in a breach known as a trip. Nor are any players who stop dribbling and continue dribbling. A sleigh that touches both hands is considered stopping dribbling, giving this offense with a double dribel name. In the sleigh, the player can not carry the ball by putting his hand on the bottom of the ball; it is known to carry the ball. A team, having established control of the ball on the front of their pitch, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be the first to touch it. Violations of these rules result in loss of ownership.

The ball should not be kicked, or be hit with a fist. For violations, violations of these rules result in loss of ownership; for defense, most of the league reset the shooting hours and the offensive team given the ball out of bounds.

There is a limit imposed on the time taken before driving past half of the ball (8 seconds in FIBA ​​and NBA; 10 seconds in NCAA and SMA for both sexes), before attempting a shot (24 seconds in FIBA, NBA , and U) Sports (Canadian universities) play for both sexes, and 30 seconds in the NCAA play for both sexes), hold the ball while heavily guarded (5 seconds), and remain in a restricted area known as free-throw line, or "key") (3 seconds). These rules are designed to promote more violations.

The Interference cart , or goaltending is a charged offense when the player illegally interferes with the shoot. This violation occurs when the player touches the ball in the downward path to the basket, unless it is clear that the ball has no chance of entering the basket, if the player touches the ball when it is on the edge, or in the area. extended upward from the basket, or if the player reaches through the basket to interrupt the shot. When a defensive player is charged with goaltending, a basket is given. If an offensive player commits an offense, the basket is canceled. In both cases the possession of the ball was left to the defensive team.

Fouls

The attempt to unfairly harm an opponent through certain types of physical contact is illegal and is called a personal offense. This is most often done by defenders; However, they can be done by offensive players as well. The violated player will receive the ball to pass the sling again, or receive one or more free throws if they are violated while shooting, depending on whether the shot succeeds. One point is given to make a free throw, which is attempted from the 15 foot (4.6 m) line from the basket.

Referees are responsible for assessing whether contacts are illegal, sometimes controversial. Violation calls may vary between games, leagues, and referees.

There is a second breach of category called a technical violation, which can be imposed for various rule violations including failure to properly record the player in the value book, or for unsportsmanlike behavior. This violation resulted in one or two free throws, which can be taken by one of five players in court at that time. Repeated incidents may result in disqualification. A gross violation involving excessive physical contact or not necessarily referred to as a deliberate violation (a striking violation in the NBA). In FIBA, the offense resulting in ejection is referred to as the abolition of cheating, while in leagues other than the NBA, such offenses are referred to as striking.

If the team exceeds a certain limit of team offense within a certain period (quarter or half) - four for NBA, female NCAA, and international matches - the opposing team is given one or two free throws on all subsequent non-shooting violations for that period,. In a US college male game and a secondary school game for both genders, if a team reaches 7 half-offs, the opposing team is given one free throw, along with a second shot if the first one is made. This is called "one-on-one" shooting. If the team exceeds 10 half violations, the opposing team is awarded two free throws on all subsequent offenses for half.

When a team shoots a foul shot, the opponent may not interfere with the shooter, or they try to get the ball back until the last free throw or the last potentially in the air.

After the team commits a certain number of violations, the other team is called "in the bonus". On the scoreboard, this is usually indicated by an indicator light that reads "Bonus" or "Penalty" with an illuminated direction arrow or point indicating that the team will receive a free throw when darkened by the opposing team. (Some scoreboards also show the number of violations committed.)

If a team missed the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team had to wait for the second shot to finish before attempting to retake the possession of the ball and continue the game.

If a player is violated when attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is given a number of free throws equal to the value of the shot attempted. A player fouled while trying a two-point regular shot to receive two shots, and the player fouled while trying a three-point shot to receive three shots.

If a player is violated while attempting a shot and a successful shot, usually the player will be given one extra free throw for one point. In combination with regular shots, this is called a "game of three points" or "four-point game" (or more often, "and one") because the basket is created during the offense (2 or 3 points) and an additional free throw (1 point).

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General techniques and practices

Position

Although the rules do not determine any position, they have evolved as part of a basketball. During the early years of the evolution of basketball, two guards, two forwards, and one center were used. In more recent times, certain positions are growing, but the current trend, supported by many top coaches including Mike Krzyzewski into basketless positions, where big guys are free to shoot from the outside and dribble if their skills allow it. Popular position description includes:

Point guards (often called "b b> 1 ") Ã,: usually the fastest player on the team, organize team offenses by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time.

Shooting guard (" 2 "): creates a high shot volume on the offense, especially long distance; and keep the best opposing perimeter players in defense.

Small forward (" 3 "): often mainly responsible for scoring points through cuts to the basket and dribble drip; on defense looking for rebound and stealing, but sometimes play more actively.

Go forward (" 4 "): often play attacks with their backs to the basket; on defense, playing under the basket (in defense zone) or against opposing forces forward (in man-to-man defense).

Center (" 5 "): use height and size for scores (violations), to protect buckets closely (in defense), or to bounce.

The above description is flexible. For most teams today, small photo shooter and attackers have very similar responsibilities and are often called wings , just like power forward and center, often called posting players. Strategy

There are two main defense strategies: zone defense and human-to-human defense . In defensive zones, each player is assigned to keep a certain area in court. Zone defense often allows defense to double the ball team, a maneuver known as a trap . In man-to-man defense, every player survives a certain opponent.

Offensive dramas are more varied, usually involving tracks and moves planned by players without the ball. A quick movement by an offensive player without a ball to gain a favorable position is known as a cut. A legal effort by an offensive player to stop an opponent from keeping a teammate, standing by the defender in such a way that his partner cuts off next to him, is a screen or pick. The two dramas are incorporated in the pick and roll , in which the player sets the pick and then "roll" away from the pick toward the basket. Screen and cutting is very important in offensive games; this allows fast bait and teamwork, which can lead to a successful basket. Teams almost always have some offensive games planned to ensure their movements are unpredictable. In court, the point guard is usually responsible for showing which game is going to happen.

Take a picture

Shooting is the act of trying to score points by throwing the ball past the basket, the method varies with player and situation.

Usually, players face the basket with both legs facing the basket. A player will rest the ball at the dominant fingertips (shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the sides of the ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with a fully bended wrist, is held silent shortly after the release of the ball, known as the follow-up . Players often try to provide a stable backspin on the ball to absorb the impact with the ream. The ideal path of shooting is somewhat controversial, but generally the right bow is recommended. Players can shoot straight into the basket or maybe use a board to direct the ball to the basket.

The two most common shots that use the settings described above are set firing and jump shots . The set shot is taken from a standing position, with no legs leaving the floor, usually used for free throws, and in other circumstances when jumping jumps are taken in the air, the ball is released near the top of the jump. It provides far greater strength and reach, and it also allows players to improve their defenders. Failure to release the ball before the foot back to the floor is considered a travel violation.

Another common shot is called lay-up . This shoot requires players to move towards the basket, and to "put" the ball "up" and into the basket, usually off the board (free-bottom-board version, underhand called finger coil i>). The highest-rated and highest-most-accurate shoot is the slam dunk , in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball down, through the basket while touching it.

Another shot that became common was a "circus shot". Circus shot is a low percentage shot that is flipped, swung, hugged, or thrown toward the circle while the gunner falls, the air, falls, and/or faces away from the basket. A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very small chance that the shot will work.

A shot that missed both the rim and the board is entirely referred to as the air ball . A very bad shot, or just touching the board, is jinularly called a brick. The hanging time is the length of time a player stays in the air after a jump, either to make a slam dunk, lay-up or jump a shot.

Rebounding

The purpose of the rebound is to successfully gain a basketball after a lost field goal or a free throw, as it rebounds from a circle or board. It plays a major role in the game, as most of the possession ends when a team missed a single shot. There are two categories of rebounds: an offensive rebound, where the ball is found by the offensive side and does not change possession, and a defensive rebound, in which the team holds the ball loose. The majority of rebounds are defensive, as teams in defense tend to be in a better position to recover failed shots.

Passing

Pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes accompanied by a step forward to increase strength and followed by hand to ensure accuracy.

The staple pass is a chest pass . The ball is passed directly from the thunderstorm to the recipient's chest. The right thoracic throw involves tongs out of the thumb to increase speed and make little defense time to react.

Another type of pass is the bounce pass . Here, the passer reflects the ball sharply about two-thirds of the way from his own chest to the receiver. The ball attacks the court and bounces toward the receiver. The bounce pass takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also more difficult for the opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball intentionally is a foul). Thus, players often use bounce pass in crowded moments, or to spread a defender.

overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is released as it passes the passenger's head.

The outlet pass occurs after the team gets a defensive rebound. The next pass after rebound is the outlet pass .

An important aspect of any good feed is difficult to intercept. A good person can pass the ball very accurately and they know exactly where each other teammates prefer to receive the ball. A special way to do this is to pass the ball without seeing the teammate who receives it. This is called the no-look pass .

Another sophisticated advanced style is the rear-and-back , which, as described by the description, involves throwing the ball behind the sender's back to his teammate. Although some players can perform such operands effectively, many trainers do not suggest feedback or feedback, believing they are difficult to control and more likely to result in turnover or offense.

Dribbling

Dribbling is an act of continuously reflecting the ball with one hand, and is a requirement for the player to take a step with the ball. To dribble, players push the ball to the ground with the fingertips instead of tapping it; this ensures greater control.

When herding past the opponent, the dribblers must dribble with the farthest hand of the opponent, making it more difficult for the defender to reach the ball. Therefore it is important for players to be able to dribble competently with both hands.

A good dribbler (or "ball handlers") tends to bounce the ball off the ground, reducing the distance the ball travels from floor to hand, making it harder for the defender to "steal" the ball. Good ball handlers often dribble backwards, between their legs, and change directions suddenly, creating less predictable dribbling patterns that are harder to maintain. This is called a crossover, which is the most effective way to move past defenders while dribbling.

Skilled players can dribble without watching the ball, using dribbling movements or peripheral vision to track the location of the ball. With no focus on the ball, players can look for teammates or scoring chances, and avoid the danger of having someone stealing the ball from him.

Blocking

Blocks are performed when, after one shot is attempted, a defender manages to change the shot by touching the ball. In almost all game variants, it is illegal to touch the ball after being on the bow down path; this is known as goaltending . It is also illegal under NBA and NCAA Son Basketball to block shots after touching the backboard, or when there is a ball section just above the circle. Under international regulations, it is illegal to block shots that are on the bow's descending path or that have touched the board until the ball touches the edge. Once the ball touches the edge, it is again legal to touch it even though it is no longer considered a block done.

To block a shot, the player must be able to reach a higher point from where the shot is released. Thus, height can be an advantage in blocking. Higher players and playing forward or center strength generally record more blocks than shorter players and play guard positions. However, with good timing and a fairly high vertical jump, even shorter players can be effective blocker shots.

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Height

At a professional level, most male players are above 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and most women are over 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m). Guards, for whom physical coordination and ball handling skills are so important, tend to be the smallest player. Almost all the front men in the men's pro league are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) or taller. Most centers are more than 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall. According to a survey given to all NBA teams, the average height of all NBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m), with an average weight approaching 222 pounds (101 kg). The highest performers ever in the NBA are Manute Bol and Gheorghe Mure? An, both of which are 7 feet 7 inches (2.31 m) tall. The highest NBA player today is the Sim Bhullar, which has a height of 7 feet 5 inches (2.26 m). At 7 feet 2 inches (2.18 m), Margo Dydek is the highest performer in WNBA history.

The shortest player ever played in the NBA is Muggsy Bogues with a height of 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m). Other short players have grown at the pro level. Anthony's "Spud" Webb is just 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m), but has a 42-inch (1.1 m) vertical jump, giving him a significant high jump. While shorter players often suffer losses in certain aspects of the game, their ability to navigate quickly through a busy area of ​​the field and steal the ball with low reach is power.

It should be noted that players regularly increase their height. Many prospects overestimate their height when in high school or college to make themselves more attractive to coaches and scouts, who prefer higher players. Charles Barkley stated; "I have been measured at 6-5, 6-4 Ã,¾.But I started college at 6-6." Sam Smith, a former writer from The Chicago Tribune, said: "We know a bit about height, because after the camp, the sheets are out, but you use that height, and the players get angry, and then you hear from the agent. You archive your story with the right height, and the copying table changes it because they have the official 'official' NBA media guides, which is wrong.So you sort of go along with the jokes. "In the NBA, there is no standard as to whether the height of players registered using their measurements with shoes or not. The NBA Draft Combine, which most players attended before the draft, gave both measurements. After that, the player team is fully responsible for the high of their list, which may vary depending on the selected process.

Highly exaggerating high performers include:

• Kobe Bryant is listed 6 feet 6 inches tall (1.98 m) tall, while his height is 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m)
• Charles Barkley listed 6ft 6in tall (1.98m) tall, while his real height is just under 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m)
• Kevin Love is listed as 6 feet 10 inches tall (2.08 m), while his real height is just under 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m)
• Jason Collins is listed 7 feet tall (2.13 m) tall, while his height is 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m)
• The listed Dwight Howard is 6 feet 11 inches tall (2.11 m) tall, while his height is 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m)

Sometimes, some players will downplay the actual height, not to re-position. One example is Kevin Durant, who is listed as 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m) tall, while his height is 7 feet 0 (2.13 m) in height. The reason for Durant is, "Really, that's the prototypical size to go small, anything higher than that, and they'll start saying, 'Ah, he's an advanced force.'

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Race and ethnicity

The race and ethnic composition of the National Basketball Association (NBA) has changed throughout the history of the league. For the 2014-2015 season, international players comprise 21.3 percent of the NBA's roster. In the same year, the NBA's racial details are:

• Africa 74.4 percent
• Caucasian 23.3 percent
• Latino (out of any race) 1.8 percent
• Asia and "other" 0.2 percent

The first non-white player entered the league in 1947. Wataru Misaka made his debut in 1947-48 as the first non-white player and the first Asian-based player to play in the league. Yao Ming became the first overall first pick in East Asia, when he was selected by the Houston Rockets in the 2002 NBA draft.

In 2011, Richard Lapchick and The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport (TIDES) of the University of Central Florida reported in their annual Race and Gender Report that 17 percent of white league players were the lowest since the report it started in 1990. The Hall of Famer and the Indiana Pacers president of the white Larry Bird basketball operation stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players as league supporters were mostly white. "And if you only have a few whites there, you might get them [fans, not guys] a bit excited, but it's a black man game, and that's going to be forever.I mean, the greatest athletes in the world African-Americans, "said Bird.

Recently, some commentators have commented on the number of white American players being reduced in the league. While the TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3% white in the 2015-16 season, this number also included non-Americans, mainly Europeans. During the 1996-97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white player; on the opening day of the 2016-17 season, eight teams have no white American teams on their list, and an additional 10 teams have only one team. At the last point in time, less than 10% of NBA players are white-born Americans (43 out of 450 possibilities).

One reason could be the NBA's small importance in white American culture. This is clearly seen in 2014, as white flowers in the NBA remain the lowest among all racial groups, with African Americans and Asian Americans spending the most time watching basketball, followed by Hispanics (of any race).

In addition, according to the Nielsen survey, the NBA has the highest share of black viewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and only about 40 percent of white audiences, making it the only North American sport that does not have a white majority audience.

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Variations and similar games

Basketball variation is an activity based on basketball games, using common basketball skills and equipment (especially balls and baskets). Some variations are just superficial rules changes, while others are different games with various basketball effects. Other variations include children's games, contests or activities intended to help players strengthen their skills.

There is a major basketball sport with variations of basketball including wheelchair basketball, water basketball, beach basketball, Slamball basketball, Streetball and Unicycle. The previous version of basketball, played mainly by women and girls, is a six-to-one basketball. Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled and points are printed by shooting it through a high net (about 1.5mÃÆ' - 1.5m). Sport is like a combination of polo, rugby, and basketball. There is even a form played on a donkey known as Donkey basketball, but the version has been attacked from animal rights groups.

Half the court

Perhaps the most common variation of basketball is the game half court , played in informal settings without referees or strict rules. Only one basket is used, and the ball must be "taken back" or "cleaned" - pass or dribble beyond the three-point line each time the ball changes from one team to another. The half field game requires less stamina of the heart, because players do not have to run full court. Half the court increases the number of players who can use the court or, conversely, can be played if there is an insufficient amount to form a full 5-on-5 team.

Semi-court basketball is usually played 1-on-1, 2-on-2 or 3-on-3. The last variation gradually gained official recognition as 3x3 , originally known as FIBA ​​â € <â € <33. It was first tested at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games in Macau and the first official tournament was held at the Asian Youth Games 2009 and the Youth Olympics 2010, both in Singapore. The first FIBA ​​3x3 Youth World Championships were held in Rimini, Italy in 2011, with FIBA's first 3x3 World Championships for the senior team after a year later in Athens. This sport is very much expected to become an Olympic sport in early 2016. In the summer of 2017, BIG3's basketball league, a 3x3 professional half-football league featuring former NBA players, begins. BIG3 has several rule variants including four field targets.

There are also other basketball sports, such as:

Wheelchair basketball

Wheelchair basketball, created by defective World War II veterans, is played in wheelchairs specially designed for physically challenged people. The world governing the body of a wheelchair basketball is the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF), and is a full medal sport at Summer Paralympic Games.

Water basketball

Water basketball, playing in the pool, combining the rules of basketball and water polo.

Beach basketball

The modified version of basketball, played on the beach, was created by Philip Bryant. Beach basketball is played in a circular field with no backboard on goal, no out-of-bounds rules with ball movement to be done through a pass or 2½ steps, because dribbling is impossible on a soft surface.

Beach basketball has evolved into a highly popular and widespread competitive sport. 15 Annual World Championships have been held.

Dunk Hoops

Dunk Hoops (a.k.a. Dunk Ball) is a variation of basketball games, played in basketball rings with derived rims (under 10 foot basketball rules). It originated when the popularity of slam dunk grew and developed to create better chances for dunks with rims being lowered and using a modified goaltending rule.

Slamball

Slamball is a full-fledged basketball, with a trampoline. Points are printed by playing the ball over the net, as in basketball, even though the scoring rules are changed. The main difference from parental sports is court; under a basketball rim and a soft backboard are four trampolines mounted on the floor, which serve to push players to high altitudes for slam dunks. The rules also allow some physical contact between the four-player team members.

Streetball

Streetball is a less formal basketball variant, played in playgrounds and in gyms around the world. Often only half of the courts are used, but the rules of the game are very similar to basketball. The number of participants in the game, or run , may range from one defender and one person to the offense (known as one on one ) to two full teams of five each. Streetball is a very popular game around the world, and some cities in the United States have organized streetball programs, such as midnight basketball. Many cities also host their own weekend streetball tournaments.

Unicycle Basketball

Unicycle basketball is played using regulation basketball on a regular basketball court with the same rules, for example, one has to dribble while riding. There are a number of rules that are specific to unicycle basketball as well, for example, a player must have at least one foot on the pedal when in-bounding the ball. Unicycle basketball is usually played using a 24 "or smaller bike, and using a plastic pedal, both to preserve the player's field and shinbone.In North America, a popular unicycle basketball game is held.

Spin-offs from basketball now a separate sport include:

• Ringball , a traditional South African sport originating from basketball, has been played since 1907. The sport is now promoted in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, India and Mauritius to form Ringball as an international sport.
• Korfball (Dutch: Korfbal, chorus meaning 'basket') started in the Netherlands and is now played around the world as a mixed teams soccer game, similar to mixed balls and basketball
Netball (formerly known as Women's basketball but now played by men and women), limited contact sports teams where two teams of seven try to score points against each other by placing the ball through a circle high. New Zealand Australia champions (called ANZ Championship) are very popular in Australia and New Zealand as premier netball leagues.

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Social basketball form

Basketball has been adopted by various social groups, who have established their own environment and sometimes their own rules. The socialized basketball form includes the following.

• Recreational basketball, fun, entertainment, and friendship battles rather than winning games;
• College of Basketball and Academy, where students are trained to develop basketball basics, go through fitness and endurance workouts and learn basketball skills. Basketball students learn precise passing methods, ball handling, dribbling, shooting from various distances, rebounds, offensive movements, defenses, layouts, screens, basketball rules and basketball ethics. Also popular is the basketball camp held for various occasions, often to get ready for basketball events, and basketball clinics to improve skills.
• University and University basketball are played in higher learning institutions.

  Source of the article : Wikipedia